An overview of the Stratospheric‐Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO)‐Deep Convection experiment with results for the July 10, 1996 storm

Dye, J. E.; Ridley, B. A.; Skamarock, William C.; Barth, M. C.; Venticinque, Martin A.; Defer, Éric; Blanchet, P.; Théry, Claire; Laroche, Pierre; Baumann, Karsten; Hübler, G.; Parrish, D. D.; Ryerson, Thomas B.; Trainer, M.; Frost, G. J.; Holloway, J. S.; Matejka, Thomas; Bartels, Diana L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Tuck, A. F.; Rutledge, S. A.; Lang, Timothy J.; Stith, Jeff; Zerr, Ryan J.

doi:10.1029/1999jd901116

Cited by 103 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, the only plausible explanation for a scenario of completely "hidden" LNO x would be a situation with all LNO x placed below the cloud. Such LNO x profiles might result from CG flashes occuring downwind (instead of inside) the updraft cores (compare Dye et al, 2000). However, such exclusively below-cloud LNO x profiles are contrary to the commonly accepted "C-shape".…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Satellite Observations For Freshly Produced Lmentioning

confidence: 56%

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NOx

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.Lightning is an important source of NO x in the free troposphere, especially in the tropics, with strong impact on ozone production. However, estimates of lightning NO x (LNO x ) production efficiency (LNO x per flash) are still quite uncertain.In this study we present a systematic analysis of NO 2 column densities from SCIAMACHY measurements over active thunderstorms, as detected by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), where the WWLLN detection efficiency was estimated using the flash climatology of the satellite lightning sensors LIS/OTD. Only events with high lightning activity are considered, where corrected WWLLN flash rate densities inside the satellite pixel within the last hour are above 1 /km 2 /h. For typical SCIAMACHY ground pixels of 30 × 60 km 2 , this threshold corresponds to 1800 flashes over the last hour, which, for literature estimates of lightning NO x production, should result in clearly enhanced NO 2 column densities.From 2004-2008, we find 287 coincidences of SCIA-MACHY measurements and high WWLLN flash rate densities. For some of these events, a clear enhancement of column densities of NO 2 could be observed, indeed. But overall, the measured column densities are below the expected values by more than one order of magnitude, and in most of the cases, no enhanced NO 2 could be found at all.Our results are in contradiction to the currently accepted range of LNO x production per flash of 15 (2-40) × 10 25 molec/flash. This probably partly results from the specific conditions for the events under investigation, i.e. events of high lightning activity in the morning (local time) and mostly (for 162 out of 287 events) over ocean.Within the detected coincidences, the highest NO 2 column densities were observed around the US Eastcoast. This might Correspondence to: S. Beirle (steffen.beirle@mpic.de) be partly due to interference with ground sources of NO x being uplifted by the convective systems. However, it could also indicate that flashes in this region are particularly productive.We conclude that current estimates of LNO x production might be biased high for two reasons. First, we observe a high variability of NO 2 for coincident lightning events. This high variability can easily cause a publication bias, since studies reporting on high NO x production have likely been published, while studies finding no or low amounts of NO x might have been rejected as errorneous or not significant. Second, many estimates of LNO x production in literature have been performed over the US, which is probably not representative for global lightning.

show abstract

Section: Sensitivity Of Satellite Observations For Freshly Produced Lmentioning

confidence: 56%

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NOx

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several previous studies discussed downward vertical transport in association with deep convection. In our case, downward transport from the stratosphere into the anvil region as observed by Wang et al (1995), Poulida et al (1996), Stenchikov et al (1996) and Dye et al (2000) can be excluded because the tropopause was situated more than 3 km above the cloud top, as derived from temperature and ozone profiles from radio soundings in Paramaribo (see Fig. 4).…”

Section: Missing Ozone Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of corona discharge on the ozone budget in the tropical free troposphere: a case study of deep convection during GABRIEL

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Convective redistribution of ozone and its precursors between the boundary layer (BL) and the free troposphere (FT) influences photochemistry, in particular in the middle and upper troposphere (UT). We present a case study of convective transport during the GABRIEL campaign over the tropical rain forest in Suriname in October 2005. During one measurement flight the inflow and outflow regions of a cumulonimbus cloud (Cb) have been characterized. We identified a distinct layer between 9 and 11 km altitude with enhanced mixing ratios of CO, O 3 , HO x , acetone and acetonitrile. The elevated O 3 contradicts the expectation that convective transport brings low-ozone air from the boundary layer to the outflow region. Entrainment of ozone-rich air is estimated to account for 62 % (range: 33-91 %) of the observed O 3 . Ozone is enhanced by only 5-6 % by photochemical production in the outflow due to enhanced NO from lightning, based on model calculations using observations including the first reported HO x measurements over the tropical rainforest. The "excess" ozone in the outflow is most probably due to direct production by corona discharge associated with lightning. We deduce a production rate of 5.12 × 10 28 molecules O 3 flash −1 (range: 9.89 × 10 26 -9.82 × 10 28 molecules O 3 flash −1 ), which is at the upper limit of the range reported previously.

show abstract

“…In particular, the STERAO (Stratospheric-Tropospheric experiment: radiation, aerosols, and ozone) campaign recorded NO spikes of a magnitude from 1 to 10 ppb related to lightning activity in thunderstorms and occurring from 9 to 10 July 1996 over northern Colorado (Dye et al, 2000;Stith et al, 1999). Lange et al (2001) measured NO spikes of 3.5 ppb during the STREAM (Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements) campaign associated with a matured storm over Ontario.…”

Section: The Plume Lifetime τmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of large NO x injection by lightning, the NO x content (∼ 40 ppt in unpolluted atmosphere) becomes close (a few ppb, according to in situ measurements; Dye et al, 2000;Huntrieser et al, 2002) to the surrounding ozone (60 ± 24 ppb) (Jaéglé et al, 1998). The ozone evolution within the plume is described by Reactions (R2)-(R6).…”

Section: Physical Plume Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling lightning-NOx chemistry on a sub-grid scale in a global chemical transport model

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. For the first time, a plume-in-grid approach is implemented in a chemical transport model (CTM) to parameterize the effects of the nonlinear reactions occurring within high concentrated NO x plumes from lightning NO x emissions (LNO x ) in the upper troposphere. It is characterized by a set of parameters including the plume lifetime, the effective reaction rate constant related to NO x -O 3 chemical interactions, and the fractions of NO x conversion into HNO 3 within the plume. Parameter estimates were made using the Dynamical Simple Model of Atmospheric Chemical Complexity (DSMACC) box model, simple plume dispersion simulations, and the 3-D Meso-NH (non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model). In order to assess the impact of the LNO x plume approach on the NO x and O 3 distributions on a large scale, simulations for the year 2006 were performed using the GEOS-Chem global model with a horizontal resolution of 2 • × 2.5 • . The implementation of the LNO x parameterization implies an NO x and O 3 decrease on a large scale over the region characterized by a strong lightning activity (up to 25 and 8 %, respectively, over central Africa in July) and a relative increase downwind of LNO x emissions (up to 18 and 2 % for NO x and O 3 , respectively, in July). The calculated variability in NO x and O 3 mixing ratios around the mean value according to the known uncertainties in the parameter estimates is at a maximum over continental tropical regions with NO [−1.18, +1.93] ppb, in July, mainly depending on the determination of the diffusion properties of the atmosphere and the initial NO mixing ratio injected by lightning. This approach allows us (i) to reproduce a more realistic lightning NO x chemistry leading to better NO x and O 3 distributions on the large scale and (ii) to focus on other improvements to reduce remaining uncertainties from processes related to NO x chemistry in CTM.

show abstract

An overview of the Stratospheric‐Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO)‐Deep Convection experiment with results for the July 10, 1996 storm

Cited by 103 publications

References 37 publications

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub>

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub>

Influence of corona discharge on the ozone budget in the tropical free troposphere: a case study of deep convection during GABRIEL

Modeling lightning-NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> chemistry on a sub-grid scale in a global chemical transport model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

An overview of the Stratospheric‐Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO)‐Deep Convection experiment with results for the July 10, 1996 storm

Cited by 103 publications

References 37 publications

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;

Influence of corona discharge on the ozone budget in the tropical free troposphere: a case study of deep convection during GABRIEL

Modeling lightning-NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; chemistry on a sub-grid scale in a global chemical transport model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub>

Direct satellite observation of lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub>

Modeling lightning-NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> chemistry on a sub-grid scale in a global chemical transport model