An overview on inactivated and live‐attenuated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines

Abstract

After about 2 years since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), first infections were detected in Wuhan city of China in December 2019, which was followed by a worldwide pandemic with a record of 5.41 million deaths. Due to urgent need for the development of a safe and effective vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), attempts for producing efficient vaccines are inexhaustibly continuing. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) on COVID‐19 vaccine tracker and landscape, there are 149 vaccine candidates all over the world. Inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines as a conventional vaccine platform consist of whole virus particles grown in cell culture and inactivated by chemicals. Because of benefits such as antigenic similarity to real virion inducing humoral and cellular immune responses and ease for transport and storage, these vaccines, including the vaccines produced by Bharat Biotech, Sinopharm, and Sinovac, are in use at large scales. In this study, we have a review on inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines that are passing their phase 3 and 4 clinical trials, population which was included in the trials, vaccine producers, the efficiency, adverse effects, and components of vaccines, and other vaccine features.

The Advantage Efficacy of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

“…Until now, some vaccine types have been developed and put on the market, resulting in the most effective measures to combat the epidemic [22]. After the epidemic situation confirmed, research has been promoted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China through several technical routes, including inactivated virus vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines, to assure the success of vaccine research and development [23]. Currently, over 400 teams worldwide have launched vaccine research based on these five administration routes [24].…”

“…Notably, the amino acid sequence and codon use of viral proteins generated by the recoded ORF are unaltered [53,54]. COVI-VAC may be a member of a class of potentially significant LAVs being developed for application in animals and humans [23]. It displays all viral antigens with their native amino acid sequence; it may be injected intramuscularly (IM); it is safe and efficacious in small animal models with a single dose; it looks resistant to reversion, and it can be cultured at a permissive temperature to produce high titers.…”

A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19

“…COVID-19 was induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China ( Koupaei et al, 2021 ; Mahdizade Ari et al, 2022 ). Traditional vaccine strategies developed on the basis on attenuated or inactivated pathogens have been demonstrated to be highly efficient for several infectious diseases ( Khoshnood et al, 2022 ). However, in some situations, the whole pathogen method cannot provide the needed protection without adverse reactions viz inflammation, allergic, and autoimmune responses ( Baird and Lopata, 2014 ).…”

Viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines against COVID-19: A narrative review

“…There are different procedures of inactivation, such as the use of ultraviolet, gamma rays, glutaraldehyde, and formaldehyde. These vaccines are given intramuscularly and immune responses are induced against the nucleoprotein, envelope, matrix, and spike proteins ( Krammer, 2020 ; Khoshnood et al, 2022 ). Ease of use, high speed of development, can be stored at 2–8°C, are the profits of using inactivated vaccines ( Al Kaabi et al, 2021 ; Awadasseid et al, 2021 ).…”