An overview on leishmaniasis

Kumar, Vikash; Madhu, Maxima; Murti, Krishna

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85730-7.00055-2

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…This particular parasitic infection, which exhibits a variety of clinical manifestations, is caused by different species of the Leishmania genus, resulting in complications that range from small skin ulcers to potentially fatal systemic damage to vital organs such as the bone marrow, liver, and spleen [ 2 ]. Leishmaniasis is prevalent in over 100 countries, affecting approximately 350 million individuals, with 12 million of them being infected, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa [ 3 , 4 ]. Thus, the impact of leishmaniasis on this continent is significant, often impacting vulnerable populations and being exacerbated by numerous risk factors, deficiencies in diagnostic approaches, and the absence of effective treatments [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family

Abdoul-Latif,

Oumaskour,

Abdallah

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Leishmaniasis in Africa, which has been designated as a priority neglected tropical disease by various global organizations, exerts its impact on millions of individuals, primarily concentrated within this particular region of the world. As a result of the progressively grave epidemiological data, numerous governmental sectors and civil organizations have concentrated their endeavors on this widespread outbreak with the objective of devising appropriate remedies. This comprehensive examination delves into multiple facets of this parasitic ailment, scrutinizing the associated perils, diagnostic intricacies, and deficiencies within the existing therapeutic protocols. Despite the established efficacy of current treatments, they are not immune to deleterious incidents, particularly concerning toxicity and the emergence of parasitic resistance, thus accentuating the necessity of exploring alternative avenues. Consequently, this research not only encompasses conventional therapeutic approaches, but also extends its scope to encompass complementary and alternative medicinal techniques, thereby striving to identify innovative solutions. A particularly auspicious dimension of this study lies in the exploration of natural substances and by-products derived from some brown algae of the Sargassaceae family. These resources possess the potential to assume a pivotal role in the management of leishmaniasis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family

Abdoul-Latif,

Oumaskour,

Abdallah

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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“…A wide range of drugs is available for treating leishmaniasis, including oral miltefosine, meglumine antimoniate, sodium stibogluconate, paromomycin, and amphotericin B (3,(18)(19)(20). However, issues such as extended half-life, toxicity, the development of drug resistance, and teratogenic effects make current therapy options inadequate (21)(22)(23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Melatonin on the Expression of H19, MALAT, HOTAIR, THRIL, and NOS Activity in Leishmania major-Infected Macrophages

Karami,

Arjmand,

Saki

et al. 2024

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: Leishmania spp. protozoa cause leishmaniasis by infecting macrophages. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as H19, Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT), HOX Antisense Intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), and TNF and HNRNPL Related Immuno-regulatory lncRNA (THRIL), play a role in macrophage polarization and gene regulation. Additionally, leukocytes can synthesize and respond to melatonin, yet the regulatory role of melatonin in Leishmania major-infected macrophages is not well understood. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of melatonin on the expression of lncRNAs like H19, MALAT, HOTAIR, and THRIL, as well as on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in L. major-infected macrophages. Methods: Leishmania major promastigotes and U937 cell lines were cultured. Macrophages were infected with the promastigotes and subsequently treated with melatonin at concentrations of 3, 10, 30, and 100 nM for durations of 4, 24, and 48 hours. The expression levels of the lncRNAs and NOS activity were measured using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR) and spectrophotometry, respectively. Results: Melatonin treatment (100 nM) significantly increased the expression of H19 compared to the control after 48 hours (P = 0.002). There was also a significant upregulation of MALAT and HOTAIR in macrophages treated with 3 nM melatonin compared to controls after 48 hours (P = 0.02 and P = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, THRIL expression significantly increased in the melatonin group (10 nM) compared to the control after 4 hours of treatment (P = 0.003). An increase in NOS activity was observed in the melatonin group (100 nM) compared to the control at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours (P = 0.034, P = 0.011, and P = 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: The findings suggest that melatonin may enhance the expression of H19, THRIL, MALAT, and HOTAIR, as well as NOS activity in macrophages infected with L. major. The upregulation of these lncRNAs by melatonin could potentially improve the macrophages' ability to combat L. major infection.

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Genomic Insight of Leishmania Parasite: In-Depth Review of Drug Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Mutations

Bharadava,

Upadhyay,

Kaushal

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Leishmaniasis, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is still a major threat to global health, impacting millions of individuals worldwide in endemic areas. Chemotherapy has been the principal method for managing leishmaniasis; nevertheless, the evolution of drug resistance offers a significant obstacle to therapeutic success. Drug-resistant behavior in these parasites is a complex phenomenon including both innate and acquired mechanisms. Resistance is frequently related to changes in drug transportation, drug target alterations, and enhanced efflux of the drug from the pathogen. This review has revealed specific genetic mutations in Leishmania parasites that are associated with resistance to commonly used antileishmanial drugs such as pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, amphotericin B, and paromomycin, resulting in changes in gene expression along with the functioning of various proteins involved in drug uptake, metabolism, and efflux. Understanding the genetic changes linked to drug resistance in Leishmania parasites is essential for creating approaches for tackling and avoiding the spread of drug-resistant variants. Based on which specific treatments focus on mutations and pathways could potentially improve treatment efficacy and help long-term leishmaniasis control. More study is needed to uncover the complete range of genetic changes generating medication resistance and to develop new therapies based on available information.

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An overview on leishmaniasis

Cited by 4 publications

References 112 publications

Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family

Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family

The Effect of Melatonin on the Expression of H19, MALAT, HOTAIR, THRIL, and NOS Activity in Leishmania major-Infected Macrophages

Genomic Insight of Leishmania Parasite: In-Depth Review of Drug Resistance Mechanisms and Genetic Mutations

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