“…The rapid development of renewable energy storage and electric vehicles has triggered a strong demand for low-cost energy storage technologies. − Among various electrochemical energy storage devices, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) exhibits more higher energy density and longer cycle life as well as lower self-discharge rate. , However, the shortage of lithium resources (only 0.0017 wt % in the Earth’s crust) and the soaring price of battery-grade lithium carbonate salt have caused an increase in the overall production cost of LIBs, thereby further hindering the wide-scale application of LIBs. ,− Fortunately, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) with similar physicochemical properties to LIBs possess lower production costs, compared to LIBs by virtue of the bountiful reserves of sodium resource in the Earth’s crust (2.75 wt %), demonstrating their broad application prospects in large-scale energy storage and electric vehicles field. − More importantly, the element Na possesses a redox potential (−2.71 V vs SHE) similar to that of lithium (−3.04 V vs SHE) . However, graphite, a commercialized anode material for LIBs, exhibits low capacity in SIBs due to the high transition energy required for Na + migration between graphite layers. ,, Moreover, the large Na + radius (1.02 Å) will give rise to the sluggish Na + diffusion kinetics and large volumetric changes of materials during the sodiation and desodiation processes. , Therefore, it is essential to develop a suitable anode material for SIBs with low insertion/extraction potential, large discharge capacity, and long cycle life.…”