AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYCORRHIZAS IN <i>MONOTROPA HYPOPITYS</i> L.

Duddridge, JA; Read, David

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03377.x

Cited by 87 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…The sac-like protuberances seen at the base of the pegs in Pterospora and Sarcodes are similar to those found in Monotropa uniflora by Lutz and Sjolund (1973) and in Monotropa hypopithys by Duddridge and Read (1982). However, the thin ribbon-like protuberances seen at the tips of the pegs in Pterospora and Sarcodes have not been reported in Monotropa.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA NUTTALL AND SARCODES SANGUINEA TORREY MYCORRHIZAS

Robertson

1982

New Phytologist

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SUMMARY Mycorrhizas of Pterospora andromedea Nuttall and Sarcodes sanguinea Torrey were examined with light and electron microscopes. Both plants were found to have a multi‐layered fungal sheath covering the surface of their roots and a Hartig net surrounding the epidermal cells but not penetrating the underlying cortex. Dolipore septa are present in the fungi of both plants. Individual determinate hyphae enter each epidermal cell through the radial wall which is oriented toward the tip of the root. As they penetrate, the epidermal cell wall appears to invaginate forming a fungal peg. The wall of the peg produces numerous protuberances similar to those found in transfer cells. In the combined fungal‐epidermal cell wall of the fungal peg the two walls do not remain distinct and it is impossible to be certain if both continue to the tip. Eventually, the tip of the fungal peg appears to open and form a mebranous sac, delimited by the epidermal cell plasmalemma, containing granular material with fibrillar inclusions which are approximately the size of microtubules. The relationship of the contents of the membranous sac to the contents of the fungal peg is discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Consequently it seems fully justifiable to place these in the separate category of 'monotropoid' mycorrhizas as suggested by Duddridge and Read (1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA NUTTALL AND SARCODES SANGUINEA TORREY MYCORRHIZAS

Robertson

1982

New Phytologist

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“…in the Polygalaceae (Table 1). All 10 genera of the Monotropaceae lack chlorophyll and have a unique 'monotropoid' mycorrhizai association (Duddridge & Read, 1982). It is Hkely that these genera, a large proportion of which are monotypic and have a very limited distribution range, evolved from a common achlorophyllous ancestor.…”

Section: Angiospermaementioning

confidence: 99%

The biology of myco‐heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants

1994

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SUMMARY More than 400 species of vascular plants, in 87 genera, are acholophyllous and heterotrophic, but not directly parasitic upon autotrophs. They are usually, but incorrectly, described as 'saprophytes’since they are in fact nourished by means of specialized mycorrhizal associations. Although distributed world‐wide, they are most abundant and show the greatest species‐richness in the Neotropics and Palaeotropical regions. Their aerial parts range in size from a few centimetres to extensive liane types up to 40 m long. With few exceptions, their habitats are dense moist forests in which there is a surface accumulation of leaf litter, often in situations which are too shaded for autotrophic growth. Although the achlorophyllous mycorrhizal mode of life has evolved independently many times and in widely disparate taxonomic groups, such plants show strong convergent evolution in particular adaptations to their peculiar mode of life. Most prominant amongst these are reductions in the size of seed and embryo, and the lack of differentiation of the embryo at maturity. The number of seeds produced by each flower is typically very large and the shape, structure and surface features of seeds involving adaptation for wind dispersal show remarkable parallels in many species. Specific adaptations for zoochory are rare but well developed in a small number of genera, some of which produce scents like fungal fruit bodies or floral parts which mimic fungal sporocarps. Vegetative parts are often even more conspicuously reduced. Most myco‐heterotrophs are entirely subterranean for most of their lives and these stages exhibit adaptations consistent with a change in function from organs of absorption to organs of storage, shown by the almost universal loss of root hairs, decrease in surface area as exhibited in short cylindric‘vermiform’and tuberous roots or, in extreme cases, the complete suppression of roots and the formation of a swollen tuber or rhizome. Increased width of the root cortex often accommodates mycorrhizal infection and stores of carbohydrates and other materials obtained from the fungal symbiont. Mycorrhizal infection is confined to the below‐ground parts of the plants but may be found there in modified stems as well as in roots. In many genera, stems are exceptionally slender and thread‐like and their vascular tissues are either reduced to a single narrow cylinder of bicollateral bundles or, minimally, to four or six narrow bundles in the cortex. Secondary thickening is poorly developed in all but a tiny minority of species, lignification being confined to annular or, rarely, a few scalariform xylem vessels. Phloem is present in very small amounts and then mainly as parenchyma with sieve tubes frequently recorded as narrow and possibly with abherent sieve plates. Leaves are typically reduced to widely spaced achlorophyllous scales on the inflorescence axis. Occasionally, they are present only on underground rhizomes or tubers. The vascular supply to the leaf‐scales, normally reduced to a single trace, may be ab...

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“…Wall ingrowths have been observed within naturally grown mycorrhizas of Pisonia grandis R. Br. (Ashford & Allaway, 1982, 1985, of Monotropa hypopytis L. (Duddridge & Read, 1982), of Sarcodes sanguinea Torrey and Pterospora andromedea Nuttall (Robertson & Robertson, 1982). Monotropa, Sarcodes and Pterospora have monotropoid mycorrhizas, in which the transfer-cell wall ingrowths were only found on the fungal pegs.…”

Section: The Heavily-infected Rootsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculate mycorrhizas of Castanopsis horneensis King and Engelhardtia roxburghiana Wall

et al. 1991

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SUMMARYTuberculate mycorrhizas of Castanopsis borneensis King (Fagaceae) and Engelhardtia roxburghiana Wall, (Juglandaceae) were studied by light and electron microscopy. The tubercles of both trees showed similar structure and morphology. The fungal partner is an unidentified basidiomycete. Beside normally developed mycorrhizas in each tubercle some heavily-infected roots were found. These roots are characterized by a very thick hyphal mantle around a dead root tip and a circle-like ingrowth of the fungus up to the vascular tissue -the strangulation zone. All cells distal to the strangulation zone were dead, but basipetal to it, normal cortical tissue with an epidermal Hartig net was present. The outer cortex in this region showed wall ingrowths along the inner tangential walls and an accumulation of ER and mitochondria. The formation and function of the heavily-infected roots is discussed.

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AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYCORRHIZAS IN MONOTROPA HYPOPITYS L.

Cited by 87 publications

References 28 publications

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA NUTTALL AND SARCODES SANGUINEA TORREY MYCORRHIZAS

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA NUTTALL AND SARCODES SANGUINEA TORREY MYCORRHIZAS

The biology of myco‐heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants

Tuberculate mycorrhizas of Castanopsis horneensis King and Engelhardtia roxburghiana Wall

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