An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

Votýpka, Jan; Pafčo, Barbora; Modrý, David; Mbohli, Donald; Tagg, Nikki; Petrželková, Klára J.

doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.003

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The first one includes S13-gut sample along with the isolates 6.7, G42 and D44-1 from Drosophila ananassae , the assassin bug Nagusta cf. punctaticollis , and feces of a great ape, respectively [ 35 – 37 ]. The second subclade, with a high posterior probability and a moderate bootstrap support, contained CP021 and S13, as well as the isolates MCC-01 from an unidentified fly, MCC-02 and MCC-03 from Drosophila sp., and GMO-05 from Musca sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vickermania gen. nov., trypanosomatids that use two joined flagella to resist midgut peristaltic flow within the fly host

et al. 2020

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Background The family Trypanosomatidae encompasses parasitic flagellates, some of which cause serious vector-transmitted diseases of humans and domestic animals. However, insect-restricted parasites represent the ancestral and most diverse group within the family. They display a range of unusual features and their study can provide insights into the biology of human pathogens. Here we describe Vickermania, a new genus of fly midgut-dwelling parasites that bear two flagella in contrast to other trypanosomatids, which are unambiguously uniflagellate. Results Vickermania has an odd cell cycle, in which shortly after the division the uniflagellate cell starts growing a new flagellum attached to the old one and preserves their contact until the late cytokinesis. The flagella connect to each other throughout their whole length and carry a peculiar seizing structure with a paddle-like apex and two lateral extensions at their tip. In contrast to typical trypanosomatids, which attach to the insect host’s intestinal wall, Vickermania is separated from it by a continuous peritrophic membrane and resides freely in the fly midgut lumen. Conclusions We propose that Vickermania developed a survival strategy that relies on constant movement preventing discharge from the host gut due to intestinal peristalsis. Since these parasites cannot attach to the midgut wall, they were forced to shorten the period of impaired motility when two separate flagella in dividing cells interfere with each other. The connection between the flagella ensures their coordinate movement until the separation of the daughter cells. We propose that Trypanosoma brucei, a severe human pathogen, during its development in the tsetse fly midgut faces the same conditions and follows the same strategy as Vickermania by employing an analogous adaptation, the flagellar connector.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vickermania gen. nov., trypanosomatids that use two joined flagella to resist midgut peristaltic flow within the fly host

et al. 2020

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“…Nevertheless, this finding has been a matter of debate [207,208]. More recently, a large diversity of trypanosomatid parasites in the feces of great apes, but no Leishmania DNA, was evidenced [209]. Since the 1920s, at the time Donovan bodies were detected in human feces, no additional information on the detection of parasites or the DNA of Leishmania in human feces has been published.…”

Section: Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal Trypanosomiases. The ITS1 region of T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, and T. b. evansi was successfully amplified from DNA isolated from fecal samples of experimentally infected mice [213] and T. b. rhodesiense and/or T. b. gambiense DNA was detected in the feces of wild gorillas [209,213].…”

Section: Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sereno

Akhoundi

Sayehmri

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I 2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.

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“…Nevertheless, this finding has been a matter of debate [197,198]. More recently, a large diversity of trypanosomatid parasites in the feces of great apes, but no Leishmania DNA, was evidenced [199]. Since the 1920s, at the time Donovan bodies were detected in human feces, no additional information on the detection of parasites or the DNA of Leishmania in human feces has been published.…”

Section: Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Human African Trypanosomiasis & Animal Trypanosomiases. The ITS1 region of T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. evansi was successfully amplified from DNA isolated from fecal samples of experimentally infected mice [203] and T. b. rhodesiense and/or T. b. gambiense DNA was detected in the feces of wild gorillas [199,203].…”

Section: Fecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sereno¹,

Akhoundi²,

Sayehmri³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they caused requires the sampling of body fluids (blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) or organ biopsies (bone marrow, spleen, etc.), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, Google. The information of each selected article (n=333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on Human African Trypanosomiasis and a the absence on animal Trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigen for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swab can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristle showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristle for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.

show abstract

An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Vickermania gen. nov., trypanosomatids that use two joined flagella to resist midgut peristaltic flow within the fly host

Vickermania gen. nov., trypanosomatids that use two joined flagella to resist midgut peristaltic flow within the fly host

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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