An Unprecedented High Incidence of Leptospirosis in Futuna, South Pacific, 2004 – 2014, Evidenced by Retrospective Analysis of Surveillance Data

Massenet, D; Yvon, Jean-François; Couteaux, Clément; Goarant, Cyrille

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142063

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Another clinical study conducted in 2005 identified one case in Wallis and 21 cases in Futuna [ 137 ], and reported some exposure information: one case swam in a river few days before the occurrence of the disease, and all the other cases were involved in breeding pigs (at home for the Futuna cases, at work in a pig farm for the one Wallis case). A third study conducted over the period 2004–2014 reported 382 cases in Futuna, with a peak incidence in 2008 [ 7 ]. Serogroup Australis was predominant until 2007, when Icterohaemorrhagiae became the most common.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leptospirosis is a neglected disease in most of the tropics, especially in the Pacific region [ 5 ], and a recent systematic review found that Oceania was the region most impacted by leptospirosis in terms of morbidity (150.68 cases per 100,000 per year), mortality (9.61 deaths per 100,000 per year) [ 3 ], and disability adjusted life years (DALY) [ 6 ]. Incidence of up to 1,945 cases per 100,000 population has been reported in 2008 in Futuna (a Polynesian island) during a multi-year outbreak [ 7 ]. The health impacts of leptospirosis have been predominantly attributed to acute infections and early complications such as pulmonary haemorrhage and renal failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe Pacific Islands have environmental conditions highly favourable for transmission of leptospirosis, a neglected zoonosis with highest incidence in the tropics, and Oceania in particular. Recent reports confirm the emergence and outbreaks of leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands, but the epidemiology and drivers of transmission of human and animal leptospirosis are poorly documented, especially in the more isolated and less developed islands.Methodology/Principal findingsWe conducted a systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis within 25 Pacific Islands (PIs) in Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, as well as Easter Island and Hawaii. We performed a literature search using four international databases for articles published between January 1947 and June 2017. We further included grey literature available on the internet. We identified 148 studies describing leptospirosis epidemiology, but the number of studies varied significantly between PIs. No data were available from four PIs. Human leptospirosis has been reported from 13 PIs, with 63% of all studies conducted in Hawaii, French Polynesia and New Caledonia. Animal leptospirosis has been investigated in 19 PIs and from 14 host species, mainly pigs (18% of studies), cattle (16%) and dogs (11%). Only 13 studies provided information on both human and animal leptospirosis from the same location. Serology results were highly diverse in the region, both in humans and animals.Conclusions/SignificanceOur study suggests that, as in other tropical regions, leptospirosis is widespread in the PIs while showing some epidemiological heterogeneity. Data are scarce or absent from many PIs. Rodents, cattle, pigs and dogs are all likely to be important carriers, but the relative importance of each animal species in human infection needs to be clarified. Epidemiological surveys with appropriate sampling design, pathogen typing and data analysis are needed to improve our understanding of transmission patterns and to develop effective intervention strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity

et al. 2018

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“…In the French Caribbean, prospective studies have revealed a higher level of incidence of leptospirosis than previously known. [2][3][4]31 They led health authorities to implant local surveillance network and on-site efficient diagnostic tools and increased local physicians' awareness toward leptospirosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Incidence in the French overseas departments and territories located in the Pacific and Indian oceans and the Caribbean (Martinique and Guadeloupe) is much higher, up to 36/100,000. 3,4 French Guiana is a French overseas territory located on the northern coast of South America. More than 95% of its surface is Amazonian rain forest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in French Guiana (2007–2014): A Retrospective Study

Turnier

Mosnier

Schaub

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic bacterial infection with a rising incidence. French Guiana is mostly covered by Amazonian rain forest. Despite a potentially favorable environment, leptospirosis has been barely studied in French Guiana. The objective of this study was to describe the current trends of leptospirosis epidemiology in French Guiana. A cross-sectional study was performed in the two main hospitals of French Guiana. Cases of leptospirosis from 2007 to 2014 were retrospectively identified with a systematic screening of serological and polymerase chain reaction results to classify them as confirmed, probable, or excluded cases. Medical files were reviewed to collect epidemiological data. Among the 72 included patients, 55 (76.4%) cases were confirmed and 17 (23.6%) were probable. The median age was 39 years (range: 16-82 years) and the M/F sex ratio 6.2. Sixty-two (86.1%) patients required hospitalization, including 12 (16.7%) in the intensive care unit. Three (4.2%) patients died. The monthly distribution of cases was correlated with rainfall ( = 0.004) and moisture ( = 0.038). Professional exposure was frequently identified (especially gold mining and construction). Among 16 different serogroups identified by microagglutination test, Icterohaemorrhagiae was the most frequent (38.0%). This study revealed an epidemiology close to that observed in Brazilian regions, and professional and climatic risk factors. The high diversity of serogroups may reveal a complex environmental reservoir requiring further investigations. Only 20% of leptospirosis patients were suspected as such on hospital admission, thus emphasizing the need to inform local physicians.

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“…Experts estimate that annually 1.03 million patients and 58,900 deaths are registered which occur due to leptospirosis among the world population. The highest incidence and mortality is observed in South and Southeast Asia, Oceania, Latin America and East Africa [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in leptospirosis etiology in animals and humans

Vasylieva¹,

Andreychyn²,

Kravchuk³

et al. 2017

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction. Leptospirosis is endemic in Ternopil region. In Ukraine, the disease is registered in almost all regions, including the Ternopil region. The aim of the research is to study the regularities of epidemic and epizootic processes of leptospirosis, and the circulation of its pathogens among different sources (small mammals, animals) and humans. Materials and method. Etiologic spectrum of leptospirosis registered in Ternopil region in 1972-2016 among small mammals, farm animals and sick people was studied. Results. Due to the analysis of pathogens circulation among different sources (small mammals, animals), as well as the annual morbidity in humans, it was proved that new leptospira serovars are endemic and brought into the regions mostly by farm animals. Farm animals introduce the infection to humans through the environment, sometimes within 3-5-years. The spread was observed of pathogen serovars, which are new in certain areas, among all types of mouse-like small mammals and rats. It was established that livestock and small mammals are parallel reservoirs. Conclusions. In the regions with endemic species, the structural modification in the etiology of leptospirosis in humans is caused by additional reservoirs among animals, as well as the circulation of other pathogen serovars that were absent in the main natural reservoir, i.e. mouse-like small mammals and rats. The constant monitoring of the population, contamination and carrier state of mouse-like small mammals, rats and farm animals, is required In order to predict the future epidemiological situation on leptospirosis among the population and to improve leptospirosis diagnosis.

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An Unprecedented High Incidence of Leptospirosis in Futuna, South Pacific, 2004 – 2014, Evidenced by Retrospective Analysis of Surveillance Data

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity

A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity

Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in French Guiana (2007–2014): A Retrospective Study

Changes in leptospirosis etiology in animals and humans

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