An Unsteady State Tracer Method for Characterizing Fractures in Bedrock Wells

Abstract

Evaluating contaminants impacting wells in fractured crystalline rock requires knowledge of the individual fractures contributing water. This typically involves using a sequence of tools including downhole geophysics, flow meters, and straddle packers. In conjunction with each other these methods are expensive, time consuming, and can be logistically difficult to implement. This study demonstrates an unsteady state tracer method as a cost-effective alternative for gathering fracture information in wells. The method entails introducing tracer dye throughout the well, inducing fracture flow into the well by conducting a slug test and then profiling the tracer concentration in the well to locate water contributing fractures where the dye has been diluted. By monitoring the development of the dilution zones within the wellbore with time, the transmissivity and the hydraulic head of the water contributing fractures can be determined. Ambient flow conditions and the contaminant concentration within the fractures can also be determined from the tracer dilution. This method was tested on a large physical model well and a bedrock well. The model well was used to test the theory underlying the method and to refine method logistics. The approach located the fracture and generated transmissivity values that were in excellent agreement with those calculated by slug testing. For the bedrock well tested, two major active fractures were located. Fracture location and ambient well conditions matched results from conventional methods. Estimates of transmissivity values by the tracer method were within an order of magnitude of those calculated using heat-pulse flow meter data.

Altering Dissolved Oxygen to Determine Flow Conditions in Fractured Bedrock Wells

“…Their high cost per well is a significant disincentive for conducting needed detailed characterization. Brainerd and Robbins () and more recently Libby () have attempted to develop simplified and less costly single‐well tracer methods for characterizing fracture hydraulic properties and water quality. Brainerd and Robbins () developed a steady‐state tracer method to identify fractures and determine their hydraulic heads and transmissivities.…”

Characterizing Groundwater Flow in Monitoring Wells by Altering Dissolved Oxygen

“…This suggests that while formation DO concentrations certainly play a role in the resulting well screen concentrations, the effects of flow are the primary factor controlling changes in DO concentrations. Chlebica and Robbins ( 2013 ) showed that the DO profiles were comparable to conservative rhodamine profiles by Libby and Robbins ( 2012 ), demonstrating that given the timeframe of testing, changes in DO concentrations are more a function of flow conditions than abiotic or biotic reactions. Flow conditions derived from the DO alteration method have been found to be consistent with independent measures of flow in wells (heat pulse flow meter measurements by Chlebica and Robbins [ 2013 ] and here with respect to multilevel sampling data).…”

Impacts of Road Salting on Water Quality in Fractured Crystalline Bedrock

“…Flow conditions in the wells have been characterized using geophysical and tracer dilution methods (Chlebica and Robbins, 2013; Libby and Robbins, 2014). Geophysical characterization has included caliper, optical televiewer, acoustic televiewer, and heat‐pulse flow meter logging (Cagle, 2005).…”