An untapped plant defense: Eggplant’s steroidal glycoalkaloid solasonine confers deterrence against the Oriental leafworm Spodoptera litura

Umesh, K. P.; Pandey, Prashasti; Kumar, Manish; Pandit, Sagar Subhash

doi:10.1127/entomologia/2021/1213

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Larvae were reared on the fresh Ricinus communis L. (castor) leaves to maintain the source culture. Separate cultures were maintained on the eggplant leaves and artificial diet (common bean powder and chickpea flour-based diet) 12,40 for the experiments (Table 2). Eggs and early instar larvae were transferred to an artificial diet spiked with metabolites for the metabolite activity testing experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 and Umesh et al . 12 . Ingestion and excretion were budgeted using the excretion efficiency determination assays 12 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutritional indices explain food consumption, utilization and excretion budgets, and the state of digestion physiology, which helps estimate the diet's suitability. Nutritional indices of the armyworm larvae feeding on eggplant (control, hqt-silenced, and CGA-complemented) leaves and artificial diets (spiked with different candidate metabolites) were calculated as described by Waldbauer 45 and as standardized for armyworm larvae by Mitra et al 34 and Umesh et al 12 .…”

Section: Nutritional Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plants have also evolved to produce secondary defense metabolites such as phytotoxins, which can deter even all those herbivores which can escape the physical barriers developed by plants 8-10 . Alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, and glycosylated phytoanticipins are the common plant defense metabolite classes 11,12 ,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a serious concern for several commercially important crops, including tomato, soybean, groundnut, cotton, tobacco, tomato, and eggplant. Its short life cycle, high fecundity on several hosts, larval host switching ability, and adults’ migratory habit contribute to its success as a polyphagous pest 12,34 . According to the global arthropod pesticide resistance database, armyworm larva has evolved resistance against almost all commercial pesticides and also against the Bt-toxin 35,36 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eggplant’s foliar chlorogenic acid provides resistance against the tropical armyworm

Kumar

Pandey

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Lepidopteran pests are the major crop devastators. Farmers have to resort to heavy synthetic pesticide application for their control. It increases the pesticide residue contamination on produce and causes health hazards. Synthetic pesticides also endanger beneficial insects and pollute the environment. Therefore, the use of safe and eco-friendly botanicals as biopesticides is rapidly increasing. Despite their high demand, only a few botanicals are commercially available. Consequently, biopesticide discovery research boomed in the last decade. Spodoptera litura Fabricius (armyworm) is a polyphagous multi-insecticide-resistant lepidopteran pest. It is a serious concern for several commercially important crops. In this study, we employed a chemical ecology approach to discover a biopesticide against it. As a biopesticide source, we explored secondary metabolite-rich Solanum melongena L. (eggplant), one of the armyworm's hosts. We found that the armyworm larvae show differential occurrence on seven eggplant varieties; the Himalayan eggplant variety RC-RL-22 (RL22) showed no armyworm infestation. When reared in a no-choice condition on RL22, larval mortality was two-fold higher, and mass was three-fold lower than the varieties showing high infestation. We tested whether RL22's secondary metabolite(s) were associated with this hampered larval performance. Using LC-ESI-QTOF-based non-targeted metabolomics of eggplant varieties, we identified candidate metabolites. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid; CGA) showed a strong negative correlation (r= -0.88; p= 0.008) with the larval performance. CGA-spiked (average physiological concentration) artificial diet (CGA-AD)-fed larvae showed a three-fold mass reduction and two-fold mortality increase than the control artificial diet (AD)-fed larvae; pupation and eclosion also significantly reduced (1.3-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively) in the CGA-ingested larvae. We used a reverse genetics approach to assess the in planta insecticidal potential of CGA. When RL22's CGA biosynthesis gene hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase (SmHQT) was silenced using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), CGA levels decreased by three-fold. This CGA depletion rendered RL22 two-fold armyworm-susceptible than controls. Foliar CGA application restored RL22's armyworm resistance. Overall, this study showed that CGA exhibits larvicidal properties against the armyworm. It is also safe for beneficial organisms. CGA is a well-known dietary supplement and an antioxidant for humans. Thus, it is safe for human consumption. Together, high CGA-containing varieties can be used to reduce the armyworm infestation risk. CGA is a promising biopesticide candidate for the field trial phase against the lepidopteran pests, especially armyworm. If successful, it can be integrated into the pest control measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 and Umesh et al . 12 . Ingestion and excretion were budgeted using the excretion efficiency determination assays 12 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutritional Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eggplant’s foliar chlorogenic acid provides resistance against the tropical armyworm

Kumar

Pandey

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Bioactivity of Zanthoxylum armatum fruit extract against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tuta absoluta

et al. 2022

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Phenotypic plasticity plays an essential role in the confrontation between plants and herbivorous insects

Wang,

Kang,

Wang

et al. 2023

CABI Agric Biosci

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The interaction between insects and plants is a classic case of coevolution. During the arms race that has continued for 400 million years, the mutualistic (such as pollination and defense assistance) and antagonistic relationships gradually formed and complicated under the selection pressure from phytophagous insects. Thus, plants have developed diverse defense strategies, constantly balancing the relationship between defense and growth. At the same time, insects have evolved the ability to adapt to and resist plant defenses. Throughout this process, phenotypic plasticity has continuously helped both groups adapt to new environments and niches. Epigenetic changes play an important role in the formation of plastic phenotype. These changes allow parental defense traits to be passed on to the offspring, helping the offspring resist insect feeding. Epigenetic changes and genetic variation provide the basis for the formation of new phenotypes, and plants can form stable defense traits under long-term insect feeding pressure. In this review, we summarize the defense strategies of plants and the counter-defense strategies of insects, suggest that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in this interaction, and discuss the role of epigenetics in the formation of plastic phenotypes.

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An untapped plant defense: Eggplant’s steroidal glycoalkaloid solasonine confers deterrence against the Oriental leafworm Spodoptera litura

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Eggplant’s foliar chlorogenic acid provides resistance against the tropical armyworm

Eggplant’s foliar chlorogenic acid provides resistance against the tropical armyworm

Bioactivity of Zanthoxylum armatum fruit extract against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tuta absoluta

Phenotypic plasticity plays an essential role in the confrontation between plants and herbivorous insects

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