The
selective and efficient electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite
to nitric oxide (NO) is of tremendous importance, both for the development
of NO-release systems for biomedical applications and for the removal
of nitrogen oxide pollutants from the environment. In nature, this
transformation is mediated by (among others) enzymes known as the
copper-containing nitrite reductases. The development of synthetic
copper complexes that can reduce nitrite to NO has therefore attracted
considerable interest. However, there are no studies describing the
crucial role of proton-coupled electron transfer during nitrite reduction
when such synthetic complexes are used. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of two previously unreported Cu complexes (3 and 4) for the electrocatalytic reduction of
nitrite to NO, in which the role of proton-relaying units in the secondary
coordination sphere of the metal can be probed. Complex 4 bears a pendant carboxylate group in close proximity to the copper
center, while complex 3 lacks such functionality. Our
results suggest that complex 4 is twice as effective
an electrocatalyst for nitrite reduction than is complex 3 and that complex 4 is the best copper-based molecular
electrocatalyst for this reaction yet discovered. The differences
in reactivity between 3 and 4 are probed
using a range of electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational
methods, which shed light on the possible catalytic mechanism of 4 and implicate the proton-relaying ability of its pendant
carboxylate group in the enhanced reactivity that this complex displays.
These results highlight the critical role of proton-coupled electron
transfer in the reduction of nitrite to NO and have important implications
for the design of biomimetic catalysts for the selective interconversions
of the nitrogen oxides.