An Unusual Ciliumlike Process

Abstract

A generalization, made as a result of the use of the electron microscope, is that cilia, flagella, sperm tails, and a number of sensory structures are based on a single structural plan, the essential features of which are a ring of nine double tubules or cylinders surrounding, except in the sensory structures, a pair of tubules. Recently, this same association of nine outer elements with an inner core has been demonstrated in the myofilaments of different muscles (1), but, though the numerical, and possibly functional, similarities are striking, the myofilament is some ten times smaller. A similar ar- B R I E F N O T E 8

Androglobin gene expression patterns and FOXJ1-dependent regulation indicate its functional association with ciliogenesis

“…Movement of spermatozoa in C. elegans is achieved via pseudopods, which carry no resemblance to classical flagella ( 37 ). Drosophila , on the other hand, still develops motile flagella during spermatogenesis ( 38 ). However, the fly harbors two testis-specific globins, which are not phylogenetically related to ADGB ( 39 ).…”

Switching on cilia: transcriptional networks regulating ciliogenesis

“…In some rare cases, defects in ependymal motile cilia of the CNS can lead to swelling of the brain ventricles or to hydrocephalus (Afzelius, 1976) (reviewed by Boon et al, 2013). (Rhodin and Dalhamn, 1956); (B) X. laevis tracheal (Steinman, 1968) and R. pipiens pharyngeal (Fawcett and Porter, 1954) multicilia; (C) X. laevis epidermal multicilia (Steinman, 1968;Stubbs et al, 2008); (D) Human sperm flagellum and mouse oviduct multicilia (Fawcett, 1954); (E) Zebrafish (Wolenski and Hart, 1987) and Rana (Poirier and Spink, 1971) sperm flagella and R. pipiens oviduct multicilia (Fawcett and Porter, 1954); (F) Drosophila spermatocyte multiple cilia (Carvalho-Santos et al, 2012;Riparbelli et al, 2012) and sperm flagellum (Acton, 1966); (G) rat brain ependymal multicilia (Brightman and Palay, 1963) [immotile multicilia with a 9+0 configuration also exist in the choroid plexus (Narita et al, 2010)]; (H) X. laevis ependymal monocilia and multicilia (Hagenlocher et al, 2013) [these have a 9+2 configuration in R. temporaria (De Waele and Dierickx, 1979)]; (I) cilia on mouse spinal canal ependymal cells, which are normally biciliated (Luse, 1956); (J) zebrafish spinal canal ependymal cilia, which can have 9+0 or 9+2 configurations (Kramer-Zucker et al, 2005;Sarmah et al, 2007); (K) mouse nodal monocilia [most have a 9+0 configuration (Jurand, 1974;Sulik et al, 1994) but 9+2 cilia have been described (Caspary et al, 2007) with 9+4 cilia occasionally present in rabbit embryos (Feistel and Blum, 2006)]; (L) zebrafish KV monocilia (Kramer-Zucker et al, 2005); (M) rat kidney monocilia (Latta et al, 1961); (N) zebrafish pronephric multicilia and monocilia (Kramer-Zucker et al, 2005), and X. laevis pronephric multicilia (Fox and Hamilton, 1971); (O) rat signaling cilia (Sorokin, 1962); (P) zebrafish signaling cilia (S. Roy, unpublis...…”