An update on the genus Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema (Family Longidoridae) in Portugal

Abstract

The tribe Longidorini within the subfamily Longidorinae (Longidorus spp. and Paralongidorus spp.) and the subfamily Xiphineminae (Xiphinema spp.) are two large nematode groups with about 260 and 230 known species, respectively. They are globally two important groups of ectoparasitic nematodes considered to be major pests because of their activity as vectors of important plant nepovirus, with some species included in the list of quarantine pathogenic organisms in many European countries. Knowledge of the biodiversity and occurrence of this nematode group is a prerequisite for the establishment of sound management strategies and control measures. According to data collected from the databases (such as EPPO, FSTA, and Web of Science) and published in specialised literature, a total of 15 Longidorus, 1 Paralongidorus and 40 Xiphinema species have been recorded as present in Portugal. However, the taxonomic status of some species is controversial, and thus needs to be clarified. A comprehensive review for unravelling the biodiversity and occurrence of nematode species of the genus Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema in Portugal is herein provided. This review includes an updated checklist of species with information on the localities, host plants and geographical distribution. Additionally, maps on the species distributions of Longidorinae and Xiphineminae nematodes present in Continental Portugal and the Portuguese Macaronesian islands are provided, as well as unpublished data on authors and comments on the current taxonomic status. Finally, new insights and directions for future research on Longidoridae in Portugal are presented.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparative morphology reveals the diversity and distribution of needle nematodes of the genus Longidorus (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from Spain

“…Apart from the original description, this species has been reported also from forests in Portugal (Macara, 1994;Bravo & Lemos, 1997), and to our knowledge, this is the first report from Spain. This new report confirms the hypothesis that this species is an Iberian endemic (Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al, 2016). According to the polytomous key by , the supplement by , and additional codes Archidona et al, 2016), this species has the following code: A56-B34-C34-D1-E3-F35-G12-H1-I2 -J1-K3.…”

Description and molecular phylogeny of one new and one known needle nematode of the genus Paralongidorus (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from grapevine in Portugal using integrative approach

“…in Europe and it is frequently found parasitizing a large number of forest trees, grapevine, chestnut tree (Castanea spp. ), walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) and a wide range of vegetable crops in Europe (Heyns, 1975;Lamberti et al, 1983;Roca et al 1988;Macara 1994;Lišková, 1995;Bravo & Lemos 1997;Taylor & Brown 1997;Lišková & Brown, 1998, 1999Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al 2016), ii) P. iberis Dalmasso, 1969 in grapevine in Algeria (Dalmasso 1969), vi) P. plesioepimikis Palomares-Rius, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Liébanas & Castillo, 2013 in the rhizosphere of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Spain (Palomares-Rius et al 2013), vii) P. georgiensis (Tulaganov, 1937) Luc & Doucet 1984, in a vegetable garden soil in Egypt (Tulaganov 1937), viii) P. remeyi Altherr 1963 in an unknown host in France (Altherr, 1963), ix) P. rex is commonly found infesting grapevine and oak forest in Hungary (Andrássy 1986, Barsi et al 2007), forest tree species and grasses in Poland and Ukraine (Kornobis et al 2015), and x) P. francolambertii in the rhizosphere of silver lime trees (Tilia tomentosa Moench) and juniper trees (Juniperus communis L.) in a forest in Serbia (Barsi & De Luca 2017). In Europe the low species diversity of Paralongidorus and Longidorus and their current geographical distribution can be attributed to their center of origin, which is supposed to be located in South African-Indian division when it was only one supercontinent (Pangea), before the separation of major plate tectonics (Coomans,1985).…”

Three species of Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae), from Lorestan province, Iran

“…Furthermore it is widespread in several countries of Central and Eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, Moldavia and Ukraine and Slovakia (Repaci et al, 2008). In Iran, X. pachtaicum was first reported from vineyards in East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Tehran, Esfahan, Lorestan, Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan by Mojtahedi et al (1980), later this species was collected from Ardabil, Kerman, Markazi, Alborz, Kurdistan, Gilan, Zanjan and Hormozgan of Iran from the root zone soil of Beet, Fruit trees, Olive, Potatoe, Tomatoe, Alfalfa, Pistachio, Apricot, Pine, Bean, Walnut and Forest trees (Ghaderi et al, 2018). The Khorramabad population entirely matches with the earlier described populations by Lazarova et al, 2016.…”

“…Ten species of Xiphinema have been reported from Iran. They are X. americanum, X. bacaniboia, X. brevicollum, X. himalayense, X. oxycaudatum, X. pachtaicum, X. pacfi cum and X. rivesi (Ghaderi et al, 2018), X. simile (Naghavi et al, 2018) and X. primum (Mobasseri, et al, 2020). In the present nematological survey on longidorids in Khorramabad county, Lorestan province, southwest of Iran, three nematode species of the genus Xiphinema namely X. oxycaudatum, X. pachtaicum and X. plesiopachtaicum were collected from several natural environments and were identifi ed based on morphological and morphometrics characters and out of this three nematode species, X. plesiopachtaicum is a new record for nematode fauna of Iran.…”