An Updated Review and Outlook on Electric Vehicle Aggregators in Electric Energy Networks

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are predicted to be highly integrated into future smart grids considering their significant role in achieving a safe environment and sustainable transportation. The charging/discharging flexibility of EVs, which can be aggregated by an agent, provides the opportunity of participating in the demand-side management of energy networks. The individual participation of consumers at the system level would not be possible for two main reasons: (i) In general, their individual capacity is below the required minimum to participate in power system markets, and (ii) the number of market participants would be large, and thus the volume of individual transactions would be difficult to manage. In order to facilitate the interactions between consumers and the power grid, an aggregation agent would be required. The EV aggregation area and their integration challenges and impacts on electricity markets and distribution networks is investigated in much research studies from different planning and operation points of view. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review and outlook on EV aggregation models in electrical energy systems. The authors aim to study the main objectives and contributions of recent papers and investigate the proposed models in such areas in detail. In addition, this paper discusses the primary considerations and challenging issues of EV aggregators reported by various research studies. In addition, the proposed research outlines the future trends around electric vehicle aggregators and their role in electrical energy systems.

Grid Integration for Electric Vehicles: A Realistic Strategy for Environmentally Friendly Mobility and Renewable Power

“…Smart metres are used as the interface for EV aggregators. In addition, electric vehicle owners can receive information from EV aggregators regarding the availability of charging stations and the cost of electricity [100]. If there are numerous aggregators operating on the market, it is in the best interest of an electric vehicle owner to choose the aggregator that is the most suitable for their needs [101].…”

Fractional-Order Control Techniques for Renewable Energy and Energy-Storage-Integrated Power Systems: A Review

“…Population growth, climate change, and increasing electricity demand have driven governments to utilize novel energy management systems such as microgrids (MGs) and smart grids (SGs) instead of traditional power networks [1]. MGs support a flexible and efficient power network by enabling the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) instead of conventional power plants [2,3]. Moreover, the management of green-energysupporting technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) is more straightforward in small SGs [4,5].…”

A Novel Dynamic Li-Ion Battery Model for the Aggregated Charging of EVs

“…According to [18], fleet charging platforms face multiple complex challenges in managing a large number of EVs while interacting with the power grid. Recent research efforts have aimed to address each of these challenges through advanced algorithms, robust optimization techniques, pricing incentives, and stakeholder coordination.…”

“…The aforementioned research efforts tackle many challenges. However, many aspects still need further attention, refinements, and research [18,27]. One of these aspects is to improve the accuracy of models used in fleet charging platforms to minimize market participation risks and the uncertainty of the whole process.…”