An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases Part 2: Pathophysiological clinical disorders of sebaceous glands

Abstract

Sebaceous glands are sebum-secreting components of pilosebaceous units. In the second of this two-part series, we review the pathologies in which sebaceous glands are primarily and secondarily implicated. They are primarily involved in steatocystoma simplex and multiplex, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous carcinoma, nevus sebaceus, and folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma. Sebaceous glands are secondarily involved in acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and androgenic alopecia. Steatocystoma multiplex is a benign congenital anomaly presenting as yellow cysts primarily on the upper body. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia is characterized by yellow, telangiectatic papules with a central dell, and it can be treated with topical retinoids or surgical excision. Sebaceoma clinically presents on the head and neck region as a skin-colored nodule and can be distinguished by immunohistochemistry. Stains used in the diagnosis of sebaceous adenoma and carcinoma include epithelial membrane antigen and adipophilin immunoperoxidase. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment for sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. Excision is not always indicated for nevus sebaceus. Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma is a relatively rare condition exhibiting both epithelial and mesenchymal components. Patients with acne vulgaris commonly present with papules of closed and open comedones displaying hypercornification. Seborrheic dermatitis presents as sharply demarcated yellow or red patches or plaques; antifungal agents, corticosteroids, and combination antifungal/anti-inflammatory therapies are common treatment modalities. As a result of hair follicle miniaturization, females with androgenic alopecia present with diffuse hair thinning, while men tend to present with balding and hairline recession.

Development of Physiologically Relevant Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

“…Sebaceous glands are associated with HFs and are vital for maintaining skin homeostasis, lubrication, and immunity. [ 17 ] Here, we investigated whether the optimized protocol results in the generation of sebaceous and sweat glands. H & E staining confirmed the presence of sweat gland‐like structures at day 90 of differentiation ( Figure A,B; representative images from C32 and P112 hiPSCs).…”

Long‐Duration and Non‐Invasive Photoacoustic Imaging of Multiple Anatomical Structures in a Live Mouse Using a Single Contrast Agent

“…[ 40 ] Many biological phenomena or disorders related to sebaceous glands, such as sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceous carcinoma, and folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma, can be studied by imaging the size and shape of sebaceous glands as well as their effects on surrounding vessels. [ 41 ] The major blood vessels in the mouse ear are also seen in Figure 3b , suggesting that the dye‐labeled IgG4 antibody encapsulated the vessels, creating a contrast as the antibody is too large to be absorbed through the pores of the blood microvasculature.…”

“…can be studied by imaging the size and shape of sebaceous glands as well as their effects on surrounding vessels. [41] The major blood vessels in the mouse ear are also seen in Figure 3b, suggesting that the dye-labeled IgG4 antibody encapsulated the vessels, creating a contrast as the antibody is too large to be absorbed through the pores of the blood microvasculature.…”

Eficacia en alopecia de un acondicionador anticaída con Serenoa serrulata y tocoferol. Estudio piloto

“…La alopecia reduce su capacidad de defensa y puede alterar su fisiología; varios estudios han demostrado que la AGA se asocia a una función de barrera alterada [1]. Las áreas sensibles a andrógenos muestran un agrandamiento significativo de las glándulas sebáceas, así como mayores niveles de DHT y 5-alfa-reductasa en comparación con las zonas resistentes a andrógenos [22,23].…”