“…Since 2020, NIR-II image-guided surgery has been applied in clinics; the impressive outperformance strongly facilitates the research and application of NIR-II intraoperative imaging [ 28 , 29 ]. Although ICG offers a convenient approach to perform NIR-II imaging in various cancers, such as breast cancer, gynecological cancer [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], and digestive tract cancer [ 34 ], the unstable tumor retention might affect surgeons to accurately locate and resect tumors [ 33 , 35 ]. In order to address the diverse and multi-level clinical demands, taking into account the advantages of NIR-II imaging, the development of novel NIR-II optical probes for in vivo imaging represents an optimal choice.…”