An Upright Man

Wade, Nicholas

doi:10.1068/p2903ed

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although these facts have already been underlined in monographic studies devoted to Roberto Ardigò’s thought by Marchesini (1907) and Büttemeyer (1969), the relevance of Ardigò’s experiments has not yet been widely recognized outside the circle of scholars of Italian positivism, and it seems completely ignored by the international community of historians of psychology, as testified by the silence of Herrnstein and Boring (1965, Part 3), Wade (2000), and Gregory (1997, 1998) on this topic. We therefore aim to reconstruct, for the first time, a complete account of Ardigò’s early experiments on inverted vision and give them the place they deserve in the history of studies on perception.…”

Section: Stratton’s Experiments and Ardigò’s Claim For Prioritymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obviously, the recognition of Ardigò’s priority does not diminish Stratton’s fundamental contribution from an experimental point of view. In any case, as a historian who published a very important work on the early Greek psychology of perception (Stratton, 1917) and whose “greatest single commitment to perception was historical” (Wade, 2000, p. 255), Stratton himself would have openly recognized the priority and the relevance of Ardigò’s first experiments on “vision without inversion of the retinal image” (Stratton, 1897c, p. 341).…”

Section: Final Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The American psychologist George M. Stratton is renowned for his experiments concerning the inverted retinal image. As Nicholas J. Wade (2000) pointed out in an article on upright vision, “the name of George Malcolm Stratton (1865–1957) is known to almost every student of perception” (p. 253) because of his very celebrated investigation on the inversion of the retinal image by means of optical lenses.…”

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Roberto Ardigò as a forerunner of George M. Stratton’s experiments on inverted vision.

Giora

Büttemeyer

2020

History of Psychology

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After Johannes Kepler's supposition of inverted and reversed retinal images and Christoph Scheiner's anatomical demonstration of such an inversion, the question arose whether this inversion is necessary and how it is possible to see an upright world based on an inverted image. The answer to this question is commonly attributed to the American psychologist George M. Stratton, who produced, in 1896, upright retinal images by means of lenses and showed that after a phase of inverted perception, upright vision is restored. However, prior to 1886, the Italian philosopher Roberto Ardigò had already performed optical experiments with a prism, obtaining a similar result. The intend of his optical investigation was essentially psychological, in opposition to contemporary physiological approaches. He accepted Hermann von Helmholtz's basic assumptions, but interpreted the results of his experiments in the framework of a more detailed theory of perception. The present article aims to analyze Ardigò's experiments and compare them with Stratton's in order to give them the place they deserve in the history of experimental psychology.

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Section: Stratton’s Experiments and Ardigò’s Claim For Prioritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Final Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Roberto Ardigò as a forerunner of George M. Stratton’s experiments on inverted vision.

Giora

Büttemeyer

2020

History of Psychology

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Beyond body experiences: Phantom limbs, pain and the locus of sensation

Wade

2009

Cortex

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Inverted Faces

2003

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Investigations of the human face have featured prominently in perception and in Perception over recent years. Much debate has concerned whether the face is a special stimulus or one that is both very familiar and important for social interactions. A robust aspect of face perception is the difficulty posed when faces are presented upside down. As Rock (1973) noted:``Along with printed and written words, faces represent one of the few types of material that do look different enough to impede recognition when retinally tilted by 908 or more'' (page 59). Indeed, one of the novel manipulations on this theme was introduced in Perception. Peter Thompson (1980) demonstrated that inverted elements of the face, like eyes and lips, are more readily tolerated when the rest of the face is inverted than when upright: upright elements in an inverted face do not look as grotesque as inverted elements in an otherwise upright face (see http://www.essex.ac.uk/psychology/visual/thatcher.html). The particular face Thompson used for this demonstration was that of the then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and it is now known as the Thatcher illusion. Another manipulation of her visage is shown in figure 1, where three faces are seenötwo three-quarter profiles and a central mannequin. The two profiles alternate in apparent depth rather like the Necker rhomboid. The symbols defining the faces are not arbitrary, and this cannot be considered as a truthful rendition! The title of the illustration is after a quotation from her Cabinet Secretary when, as a witness in a spy trial in Australia, he admitted to having been economical with the truth.

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An Upright Man

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Roberto Ardigò as a forerunner of George M. Stratton’s experiments on inverted vision.

Roberto Ardigò as a forerunner of George M. Stratton’s experiments on inverted vision.

Beyond body experiences: Phantom limbs, pain and the locus of sensation

Inverted Faces

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