An X-ray diffraction study of phenol-formaldehyde resin carbons

Kobayashi, Kazuo; Sugawara, Sugao; Toyoda, Sadaharu; Honda, Hidemasa

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(68)90030-4

Cited by 63 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Some theories involving volume expansion [14] and thermal strain [15] provide relatively reasonable explanation. A well-known heterogeneous graphitization phenomenon in the high temperature treatment of some resin carbons [16][17][18][19] has been reported by several studies. However, limited studies exist on structural changes in these different constituent carbons as well as the effects of these changes on the microstructure, apparent density, and porosity of non-graphitization carbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

et al. 2012

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Four precursors (mesophase pitch, condensed polynuclear aromatic resin, polyimide resin, and thermosetting phenolic resin) were heat treated at temperatures from 900 to 3000°C. These products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and helium adsorption density instruments. Heterogeneous graphitization was observed above 2200°C in the resin carbons. Various constituents (amorphous, turbostratic, and graphitic) coexisted and transformed from being disordered to ordered with increasing treatment temperature. The molecular structures of the starting materials played important roles in the proportions of various constituents, crystallite sizes, and preferred orientation of the graphitic constituent of the different carbons during high temperature treatment. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images showed that the structural features of Jenkins' and Shiraishi's model all existed in three resin carbons. Based on these results, we think that their structures are not belong to Jenkins' model, also do not belong to Shiraishi's model, are a complex of above two models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Their microstructure features were also discussed. Based on the discussions and a previous report [11,[16][17][18][19][20], a new structural model of resin carbons that can demonstrate the structural and property changes in resin carbons is proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

et al. 2012

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“…Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the experiments. These measurements were combined with pyrolysis gas composition measurements performed in other studies [71,72], and this data has been converted to elemental mole fractions in Table 4. The experiments did not distinguish between phenol C 6 H 6 O and cresol (C 7 H 8 O, and referred to the combination of the two as "low molecular weight substances (LMS)".…”

Section: Analysis Of Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis Gas Composition for a Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator Heatshield

Rabinovitch

Marx

Blanquart

2014

11th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference

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Published physical properties of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA) are compiled, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases that form at high temperatures internal to a heatshield is investigated. A link between the composition of the solid resin, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases created is provided. This link, combined with a detailed investigation into a reacting pyrolysis gas mixture, allows a consistent, and thorough description of many of the physical phenomena occurring in a PICA heatshield, and their implications, to be presented.

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“…Typical heating rates with laboratory graphite furnaces are of the order of tens of degrees per minute (e.g. [4,5]), and hence it takes some hours to reach desired maximum temperatures.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed thermal treatment of carbon up to 3000 °C using an atomic absorption spectrometer

Sofianos

Rowles

et al. 2018

Carbon

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An X-ray diffraction study of phenol-formaldehyde resin carbons

Cited by 63 publications

References 3 publications

Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

Pyrolysis Gas Composition for a Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator Heatshield

Pulsed thermal treatment of carbon up to 3000 °C using an atomic absorption spectrometer

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An X-ray diffraction study of phenol-formaldehyde resin carbons

Cited by 63 publications

References 3 publications

Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

Structural changes in four different precursors with heat treatment at high temperature and resin carbon structural model

Pyrolysis Gas Composition for a Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator Heatshield

Pulsed thermal treatment of carbon up to 3000 °C using an atomic absorption spectrometer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Pulsed thermal treatment of carbon up to 3000 °C using an atomic absorption spectrometer