Anabolic Agents

Sturmi, James E.; Diorio, Douglas J.

doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70080-6

Cited by 55 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…9 In the decades that followed, steroids and stimulants spread throughout sports, and in 1959, the first reported case of a high school football player's taking steroids surfaced. 10 In the 1960s, the International Olympic Committee banned steroid use and began formal drug testing in the ensuing decade. 11 During the 1980s, the reported positive test results ranged from 2% to 50%, depending on whether the tests were announced or conducted at random.…”

Section: History Of Drugs In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

2006

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Ergogenic drugs are substances that are used to enhance athletic performance. These drugs include illicit substances as well as compounds that are marketed as nutritional supplements. Many such drugs have been used widely by professional and elite athletes for several decades. However, in recent years, research indicates that younger athletes are increasingly experimenting with these drugs to improve both appearance and athletic abilities. Ergogenic drugs that are commonly used by youths today include anabolic-androgenic steroids, steroid precursors (androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone), growth hormone, creatine, and ephedra alkaloids. Reviewing the literature to date, it is clear that children are exposed to these substances at younger ages than in years past, with use starting as early as middle school. Anabolic steroids and creatine do offer potential gains in body mass and strength but risk adverse effects to multiple organ systems. Steroid precursors, growth hormone, and ephedra alkaloids have not been proven to enhance any athletic measures, whereas they do impart many risks to their users. To combat this drug abuse, there have been recent changes in the legal status of several substances, changes in the rules of youth athletics including drug testing of high school students, and educational initiatives designed for the young athlete. This article summarizes the current literature regarding these ergogenic substances and details their use, effects, risks, and legal standing.www.pediatrics.org/cgi

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Section: History Of Drugs In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

2006

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“…Anabolic-androgenic steroids, or anabolic steroids, are widely used by professional and recreational athletes, weight lifters and bodybuilders, and non-athletes wishing to enhance their appearance and physical performance despite their know adverse effects, unknown long-term risks, and abuse potential [10][11][12][13][14]. To accurately document the potency of these compounds, therefore, it is imperative to develop a quantitative procedure as a platform technology to assess the longterm growth effects and body composition changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo MRI quantification of individual muscle and organ volumes for assessment of anabolic steroid growth effects

Tang

Tong

et al. 2008

Steroids

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This study aimed to develop a quantitative and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to investigate the muscle growth effects of anabolic steroids. A protocol of MRI acquisition on a standard clinical 1.5 Tesla scanner and quantitative image analysis was established and employed to measure the individual muscle and organ volumes in the intact and castrated guinea pigs undergoing a 16-week treatment protocol by two well-documented anabolic steroids, testosterone and nandrolone, via implanted silastic capsules. High correlations between the in vivo MRI and postmortem dissection measurements were observed for shoulder muscle complex (R = 0.86), masseter (R=0.79), temporalis (R=0.95), neck muscle complex (R=0.58), prostate gland and seminal vesicles (R=0.98), and testis (R=0.96). Furthermore, the longitudinal MRI measurements yielded adequate sensitivity to detect the restoration of growth to or towards normal in castrated guinea pigs by replacing circulating steroid levels to physiological or slightly higher levels, as expected. These results demonstrated that quantitative MRI using a standard clinical scanner provides accurate and sensitive measurement of individual muscles and organs, and this in vivo MRI protocol in conjunction with the castrated guinea pig model constitutes an effective platform to investigate the longitudinal and cross-sectional growth effects of other potential anabolic steroids. The quantitative MRI protocol developed can also be readily adapted for human studies on most clinical MRI scanner to investigate the anabolic steroid growth effects, or monitor the changes in individual muscle and organ volume and geometry following injury, strength training, neuromuscular disorders, and pharmacological or surgical interventions.

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“…8 It is important to note that with the creation of new AASs, subsequent modifications result in alterations in the drugs anabolic to androgenic ratio and also modify the potential side effects that could occur in response to the drug. 9 In integrating both measures, the anabolic index is used, which relates the ratio of anabolic to androgenic response for a given steroid. If the anabolic index is greater than one, it indicates a higher trend towards anabolic effect and, therefore, classifies the drug as an anabolic steroid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying pattern recognition methods plus quantum and physico‐chemical molecular descriptors to analyze the anabolic activity of structurally diverse steroids

et al. 2007

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The great cost associated with the development of new anabolic-androgenic steroid (AASs) makes necessary the development of computational methods that shorten the drug discovery pipeline. Toward this end, quantum, and physicochemical molecular descriptors, plus linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to analyze the anabolic/androgenic activity of structurally diverse steroids and to discover novel AASs, as well as also to give a structural interpretation of their anabolic-androgenic ratio (AAR). The obtained models are able to correctly classify 91.67% (86.27%) of the AASs in the training (test) sets, respectively. The results of predictions on the 10% full-out cross-validation test also evidence the robustness of the obtained model. Moreover, these classification functions are applied to an "in house" library of chemicals, to find novel AASs. Two new AASs are synthesized and tested for in vivo activity. Although both AASs are less active than some commercially AASs, this result leaves a door open to a virtual variational study of the structure of the two compounds, to improve their biological activity. The LDA-assisted QSAR models presented here, could significantly reduce the number of synthesized and tested AASs, as well as could increase the chance of finding new chemical entities with higher AAR.

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Anabolic Agents

Cited by 55 publications

References 71 publications

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

Popular Ergogenic Drugs and Supplements in Young Athletes

In vivo MRI quantification of individual muscle and organ volumes for assessment of anabolic steroid growth effects

Applying pattern recognition methods plus quantum and physico‐chemical molecular descriptors to analyze the anabolic activity of structurally diverse steroids

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