Anabolic response to essential amino acid plus whey protein composition is greater than whey protein alone in young healthy adults

Park, Sanghee; Church, David D.; Azhar, Gohar; Schutzler, Scott; Ferrando, Arny A.; Wolfe, Robert R.

doi:10.1186/s12970-020-0340-5

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The marked increase in NET after ingesting EAA + W confirms our hypothesis that changes in NET reflect increases in circulating EAA concentrations. These findings extend our previous study [ 42 ] which demonstrated greater NET after ingesting EAA-enriched whey compared to an iso-nitrogenous whey-based recovery product. In the current study, greater NET after ingesting EAA + W was due to a robust increase in PS and concomitant reduction in PB.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study

Gwin

Church

Hatch-McChesney

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background The effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit. Methods Ten adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study consisting of three, 5 d energy-deficit periods (− 30 ± 3% of total energy requirements), separated by 14 d. Whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET) were determined at rest and in response to combination exercise consisting of load carriage treadmill walking, deadlifts, and box step-ups at the end of each energy deficit using L-[2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[2H2]-tyrosine infusions. Treatments were ingested immediately post-exercise. Mixed-muscle protein synthesis (mixed-MPS) was measured during exercise through recovery. Results Change (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was − 6.3 (− 11.5, − 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and − 7.7 (− 11.9, − 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments. Conclusions While mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715. Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study

Gwin

Church

Hatch-McChesney

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…Hence, the formulation used in this study maintained the contribution from BCAAs in the presence of enriched leucine, and rather reduced the percentage of the remaining EAAs [ 50 ]. Recent work has demonstrated that high doses (6.4 g) of EAAs stimulate greater increases in whole-body protein synthesis and enhance suppression of whole-body protein breakdown compared to low EAA doses (3.2 g) and established whey protein formulations [ 67 ]. Thus, our formulation may possess additive value in augmenting suboptimal protein doses [ 68 ] or enhancing the anabolic effect of food as an adjunct to traditional protein sources [ 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial

et al. 2020

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We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting. Irrespective of age, during EAA and COM peak leucinemia (younger: 454 ± 32 µM and 537 ± 111 µM; older: 417 ± 99 µM and 553 ± 136 µM) occurred ~60–120 min post-ingestion (younger: 66 ± 6 min and 120 ± 60 min; older: 90 ± 13 min and 78 ± 12 min). In the pooled sample, the area under the curve for plasma leucine and the sum of branched-chain amino acids was significantly greater in EAA and COM compared with RE. For intramyocellular signaling, significant main effects were found for condition (mTOR (Ser2481), rpS6 (Ser235/236)) and age (S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)) in age group analyses. The phosphorylation of rpS6 was of similar magnitude (~8-fold) in pooled and age group data 2 h following COM. Our findings suggest that a gel-based, leucine-enriched EAA supplement is associated with aminoacidemia and a muscle anabolic signaling response, thus representing an effective means of stimulating muscle protein anabolism in younger and older adults following EAA and COM.

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“…33,34) In contrast, EAA or protein supplementation improved lean body mass in older adults, with 35) or without exercise training. 36) Moreover, at the whole-body level, the consumption of balanced EAA was more effective in inducing a greater anabolic response than that of protein in young 37) and older adults. 38) However, leucine alone could have nutraceutical potential in counteracting sarcopenia if the following two criteria are met: (1) acceleration of protein breakdown drives loss of muscle mass and (2) leucine effectively inhibits protein breakdown.…”

Section: All Aas Work Together To Make New Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Understanding Muscle Protein Dynamics: Technical Considerations for Advancing Sarcopenia Research

Kim

Park

Jang

et al. 2020

Ann Geriatr Med Res

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Sarcopenia, the age-related degenerative loss of muscle mass and function, is considered a muscle disease (i.e., muscle failure) 1) and is central to functional and metabolic alterations in various clinical conditions such as critical illness (e.g., burn injury and cancer), chronic diseases (e.g., heart failure), insulin resistance, obesity, and osteoporosis. 2) Therefore, discovering effective therapeutic means to counteract sarcopenia progression is of utmost importance to improve the quality of life in older adults and is a major target for drug development; however, efforts have not yet led to clinically meaningful success. 3) The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial, including alterations in hormones and sex steroids, physical inactivity, and comorbidities. 4) It is, therefore, difficult to understand the underlying mechanism(s) at molecular Sarcopenia, which is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging, involves imbalanced muscle protein turnover (i.e., protein breakdown exceeding synthesis), which in turn exacerbates other clinical conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis, and cancer, thereby worsening the quality of life in older adults. This imbalance is attributed in part to the resistance of aged muscle to anabolic stimuli such as dietary protein/amino acids and resistance exercise known as anabolic resistance. Despite research efforts, no practical therapeutics have been successfully discovered possibly because of a lack of understanding of the dynamic nature of muscle protein, and the use of indirect assessments of muscle mass. Herein, we briefly discuss the regulation of protein turnover in response to the abovementioned anabolic stimuli with respect to anabolic resistance and optimal protein intake, followed by methodological considerations for advancing sarcopenia research, including assessments of muscle mass and dynamics.

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Anabolic response to essential amino acid plus whey protein composition is greater than whey protein alone in young healthy adults

Cited by 32 publications

References 39 publications

Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study

Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study

Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial

Understanding Muscle Protein Dynamics: Technical Considerations for Advancing Sarcopenia Research

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