Anabolic steroid use and perceived effects in ten weight-trained women athletes

Strauss, Richard

doi:10.1001/jama.253.19.2871

Cited by 108 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Strauss et al (1985) are the only group, thus far, to have documented specific side effects associated with anabolic steroid administration and training in women. A large variability exists in the degree which these signs develop .…”

Section: Virilisation and Feminisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Hickson

Ball

Falduto

1989

Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp

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Anabolic steroids are used therapeutically for various disorders and as ergogenic aids by athletes to augment strength, muscular development, and to enhance performance. There is a wide range of concomitant temporary and permanent adverse effects with steroid administration. Several well-documented adverse actions of these hormones may develop rapidly within several weeks or less (i.e. altered reproductive function) or require up to several years of steroid intake (i.e. liver carcinoma). More recent studies indicate that glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, increased cardiovascular disease risk profiles, cerebral dangers, musculoskeletal injuries, prostate cancer, psychosis and schizophrenic episodes, among others, accompany anabolic steroid intake. There is, at present, no evidence to support the claim that athletes are less susceptible to adverse effects than those individuals receiving hormone treatment in a clinical setting. Based on the available information which has accumulated primarily from cross-sectional, short term longitudinal, and case studies, there is a need: (a) to develop a comprehensive battery of specific and sensitive markers of adverse effects, particularly those that would be able to detect the onset of adverse actions; and (b) to conduct controlled long term longitudinal studies in order to fully understand the extensiveness and mechanisms involved in the occurrence of adverse effects.

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Section: Virilisation and Feminisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Hickson

Ball

Falduto

1989

Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp

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“…Studies of high school populations have produced much higher estimates, with 0.5–3.2% of high school girls reporting that they had used AAS at least once [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. These findings imply that AAS use among women, once restricted only to a small number of elite athletes [16, 17, 18], may now be evolving into a commoner public health problem in the US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric and Medical Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Women

Gruber

Pope²

1999

Psychother Psychosom

189

144

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Background: Although numerous studies have documented the psychiatric and physiological effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in males, virtually no studies have investigated the effects of illicit AAS use in women. Methods: We performed psychiatric and medical evaluations of 75 dedicated women athletes, recruited by advertisement primarily from gymnasiums in the Boston, Mass., area. Results: Twenty-five (33%) of the women reported current or past AAS use. Users were more muscular than nonusers and reported use of many other ‘ergogenic’ (performance-enhancing) drugs in addition to AAS. Some described a frank syndrome of ergogenic polysubstance dependence, often with significant morbidity. Fourteen (56%) of the users reported hypomanic symptoms during AAS use and 10 (40%) reported depressive symptoms during AAS withdrawal, but none met full DSM-IV criteria for a hypomanic or major depressive episode. Nineteen (76%) users reported at least one adverse medical effect associated with AAS use. Perhaps the most interesting findings were several unusual psychiatric syndromes reported by both the AAS users and nonusers. These included rigid dietary practices (which we have termed ‘eating disorder, bodybuilder type’), nontraditional gender roles and chronic dissatisfaction and preoccupation with their physiques (a syndrome which we have termed ‘muscle dysmorphia’). Conclusions: Dedicated women athletes exhibit not only AAS abuse, but use of many other ergogenic drugs, sometimes associated with significant morbidity. In addition, these athletes frequently display several psychiatric syndromes which have not previously been well described.

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“…The AMA actively encourage fur¬ ther research on short-and long-term health effects and encourage reporting of suspected adverse effects to the FDA. 10. The AMA continue to work with sports organizations to increase under¬ standing ofhealth effects and to discour¬ age the use of steroids on this basis.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical and Nonmedical Uses of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

1990

JAMA

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Recent trends in the use, abuse, and diversion of steroids for nonmedical purposes illustrate a growing problem that not only imposes health risks but presents ethical dilemmas as well. Concern over the known adverse effects, the limited research into the long-term effects, and the ethics of engineering body size and performance through anabolic-androgenic steroid use has led to legislative, legal, and education responses. Increased penalties for distribution to minors and stricter controls in prescribing practices have been enacted through state legislation and federal initiatives. Government, some health professional organizations, and some sports groups have denounced the nonmedical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and have developed materials to educate their members, other professionals, athletes, educators, and the public at large. (JAMA. 1990;264:2923-2927 ANABOLIC-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of tes¬ tosterone, most of which were devel¬ oped in the 1950s in attempts to sepa¬ rate the hormone's masculinizing (androgenic) and skeletal muscle-building (anabolic) effects. There are no steroids at present that have purely anabolic ef¬ fects. These drugs are not to be con¬ fused with the adrenal corticosteroids. Administration may be oral or parenteral, and parenteral injections may be in oil or water. In general, oil-based AAS have a longer biological half-life.Anabolic-androgenic steroids are prescription drugs that have legitimate medical uses. These include certain types of anemias, hereditary angioedema, certain gynecologic conditions, and protein anabolism.1 They also may have a role or be useful in conjunction with the following: constitutional delay of growth, an adjunct to growth hor¬ mone therapy, and osteoporosis. Medi¬ cal indications are estimated to account for fewer than 3 million prescriptions per year in the United States.2 NONMEDICAL USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS Anabolic-androgenic steroids are most frequently used to aid in body building and/or to provide skeletal mus¬ cle enlargement or increased strength by persons in good health. Their use for these reasons has been condemned on the basis of ethics (fair play) Football League, the US Olympic Com¬ mittee, and the International Olympic Committee.3,4 These organizations also condemn their use because of the known adverse effects, the lack ofdata regard¬ ing long-term gains in size and strength, and the unknown long-term damage to health.Historically, use was opposed by medical organizations and sports groups on the grounds that these sub¬ stances were ineffective. Recent re¬ search, however, shows that increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength are observed in users who already are train¬ ing with weights and who continue in¬ tensive training while maintaining highprotein, high-calorie diets. Those not adhering to such a training and diet reg¬ imen do not consistently report im¬ proved performance.56 The wide dis¬ semination of initial reports of AAS ineffectiveness, coupled with subse¬ quent announcements of researc...

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Anabolic steroid use and perceived effects in ten weight-trained women athletes

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Psychiatric and Medical Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Women

Medical and Nonmedical Uses of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

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