Anadromous Fish as Keystone Species in Vertebrate Communities

Willson, Mary F.; Halupka, Karl C.

doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030489.x

Cited by 284 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The cultural importance of salmon is reflected in First Nations peoples of the Pacific Northwest collectively calling themselves wy-kan-ush-pum ("salmon people") where salmon are considered to unite all tribes and races of the region (CRITFC 2014). Like eels and lampreys, salmon provide a key link between freshwaters and the ocean and a food source for both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Willson andHalupka 1995, Cederholm et al 1999). Although Native American tribes have managed salmon species with a deep understanding of how to sustain healthy populations (Landeen and Pinkham 1999, Haggen et al 2006, Johnsen 2009), severe declines since European settlement have created an urgency to restore salmon populations in freshwater ecosystems for both their cultural and ecological importance.…”

Section: New Zealand Freshwater Mussel (Echyridella Menziesi) Kākahi mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culturally significant fisheries: keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems

Noble¹,

Duncan²,

Perry³

et al. 2016

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Indigenous peoples of North America, Australia, and New Zealand have a long tradition of harvesting freshwater animals. Over generations of reliance and subsistence harvesting, Indigenous peoples have acquired a profound understanding of these freshwater animals and ecosystems that have become embedded within their cultural identity. We have identified trans-Pacific parallels in the cultural significance of several freshwater animal groups, such as eels, other finfish, bivalves, and crayfish, to Indigenous peoples and their understanding and respect for the freshwater ecosystems on which their community survival depends. In recognizing such cultural connections, we found that non-Indigenous peoples can appreciate the deep significance of freshwater animals to Indigenous peoples and integrate Indigenous stewardship and Indigenous ecological knowledge into effective comanagement strategies for sustainable freshwater fisheries, such as Indigenous rangers, research partnerships, and Indigenous Protected Areas. Given that many of these culturally significant freshwater species also play key ecological roles in freshwater ecosystems, their recognition and prioritization in management and monitoring approaches should help sustain the health and well-being of both the social and ecological components of freshwater ecosystems.

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Section: New Zealand Freshwater Mussel (Echyridella Menziesi) Kākahi mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culturally significant fisheries: keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems

Noble¹,

Duncan²,

Perry³

et al. 2016

E&S

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“…For example, species like salmon and trout can have strong effects on trophic networks in aquatic systems (Simon and Townsend 2003), which can even cross the ecosystem boundary into adjacent terrestrial ecosystems (Spencer and others 1991, Willson and Halupka 1995, Baxter and others 2004, Koyama and others 2005. As already discussed, some populations may be the key to persistence of others through dispersal, gene flow, demographic support, and metapopulation-like processes (Schlosser andAngermeier 1995, Rieman andDunham 2000).…”

Section: Conservation_valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for conserving native salmonid populations at risk from nonnative fish invasions: tradeoffs in using barriers to upstream movement

Fausch¹,

Rieman²,

Young³

et al. 2006

109

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You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and number. Abstract_ _________________________________________Native salmonid populations in the inland West are often restricted to small isolated habitats at risk from invasion by nonnative salmonids. However, further isolating these populations using barriers to prevent invasions can increase their extinction risk. This monograph reviews the state of knowledge about this tradeoff between invasion and isolation. We present a conceptual framework to guide analysis, focusing on four main questions concerning conservation value, vulnerability to invasion, persistence given isolation, and priorities when conserving multiple populations. Two examples illustrate use of the framework, and a final section discusses opportunities for making strategic decisions when faced with the invasion-isolation tradeoff. Keywords Executive_SummaryNative salmonid populations have declined throughout the world due to a host of human influences, including habitat degradation and loss, invasion of nonnative fishes, and overfishing. In many regions, suitable coldwater habitats for salmonids are found mainly in protected natural areas, so that these fishes are increasingly relegated to smaller and more isolated pieces of their former native ranges. Moreover, populations of native trout and charr in these relatively undisturbed habitats are often at further risk from invasion by nonnative salmonids from downstream. Faced with this dilemma, fisheries managers frequently consider using barriers to upstream movement to prevent invasion and displacement or hybridization. However, in doing so they face a tradeoff because isolating native salmonid populations in small headwater habitats may also increase their risk of extinction. Here we focus on native salmonids in the inland western U.S. (for example, cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii; bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus), but this is an important problem for salmonids and other stream biota worldwide.This monograph reviews the state of knowledge about the factors that affect this tradeoff between invasion and isolation, and presents a framework for analyzing it and prioritizing conservation actions. Barriers to prevent invasions can pose problems for salmonids because these fish often need to move to complete their life history. Although anadromous salmonids are known for their extensive migrations, freshwater trout, charr, grayling, and whitefish also show remarkable flexibility in life history and diverse movement behaviors. Movements allow fish living in patchy environments to maximize fitness by placing each life history stage in habitats that provide optimum growth and survival. Likewise, in environments that fluctuate seasonally or among years, diverse life histories, and movements allow fish to avoid harsh conditions, or recolonize habitats after catastrophes.Isolation of fish populations using barriers can...

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“…The marine-derived nutrients and energy in salmon tissue enhances freshwater productivity (Wipfli et al 1999) and is also utilized by riparian plants and animals (Bilby et al 1996;Ben-David et al 1998). Thus, partial consumption of salmon affects the energy and nutrients available to both the aquatic and terrestrial foodwebs (Mathisen et al 1988;Cederholm et al 1989;Willson and Halupka 1995;Bilby et al 1996Bilby et al , 1998Willson et al 1998;Wipfli et al 1998). We present data that are a first step in quantifying the relationship between salmon density and salmon consumption, yet more data are needed on the time required to catch and process salmon, the energetic content of the fish, and the densities of bears using salmon streams.…”

Section: Salmon Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

2001

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Consumption choice by brown (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus) feeding on salmon was recorded for over 20,000 bear-killed fish from 1994 to 1999 in Bristol Bay (sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) and southeastern Alaska (pink, O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta). These data revealed striking patterns of partial and selective consumption that varied with relative availability and attributes of the fish. As the availability of salmon decreased, bears consumed a larger proportion of each fish among both years and habitats. When availability was high (absolute number and density of salmon), bears consumed less biomass per captured fish, targeting energy-rich fish (those that had not spawned) or energy-rich body parts (eggs in females; brain in males). In contrast, individual fish were consumed to a much greater extent, regardless of sex or spawning status, in habitats or years of low salmon availability. The proportion of biomass consumed per fish was similar for males and females, when spawning status was statistically controlled, but bears targeted different body parts: the body flesh, brain and dorsal hump in males and the roe in females. Bears thus appeared to maximize energy intake by modifying the amount and body parts consumed, based on availability and attributes of spawning salmon.

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Anadromous Fish as Keystone Species in Vertebrate Communities

Cited by 284 publications

References 42 publications

Culturally significant fisheries: keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems

Culturally significant fisheries: keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems

Strategies for conserving native salmonid populations at risk from nonnative fish invasions: tradeoffs in using barriers to upstream movement

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

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