Anaemia and iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients

Abstract

Tis review focused on prevalence of anemia and iron defciency (ID) in CHF and their effect on the course and prognosis of this condition. Based on evaluation of numerous laboratory data defnitions of anemia and ID were suggested. Specifcally, a diagnostic value of measuring serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, total iron-binding capacity, and concentration of soluble transferrin receptors was discussed. Te review highlighted the importance of measuring bone marrow iron, which is rarely used in everyday clinical practice even though this test is considered a «gold standard» of ID diagnosis. Te review provided an insight into pathogenetic mechanisms of ID in CHF including insufcient iron supply, role of inflammation, erythropoietin, RAS, and effects of some pharmacological therapies. Te authors described physiological consequences of ID and anemia, activation of hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms, which develop in response to anemia and not infrequently aggravate CHF. Special atention was paid to current approaches to treatment of anemia and ID in CHF, including a discussion of efcacy and safety of oral and intravenous dosage forms of iron and hemopoiesis stimulators.

Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pre-School Children

“…According to the literature, the role of iron in the developing child body has been established. It is both the transfer of oxygen (HB) to tissues and organs, and participation in the processes of growth, physical and intellectual development of children, in the formation and functioning of the immune system, in the resistance of the child's body to adverse environmental effects, in the accumulation of toxicants (lead) in the organism of growing children (3,4,7,8,9,13,14). Particularly sensitive to foetal iron deficiency.…”

“…In the child population, the groups at high risk for the development of ID are children of the first 3 years of life and adolescents, which are promoted by several causes and, above all -increased body demand for iron during periods of intensive growth. [1,3,4]. However, iron deficiency states (IDC) do not develop in all, but only in cases where the child's body is simultaneously affected by several adverse factors.…”

“…However, iron deficiency states (IDC) do not develop in all, but only in cases where the child's body is simultaneously affected by several adverse factors. Increased iron loss associated with blood loss through the intestine when whole unmodified milk and kefir are used in excess of 400 ml per day [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] plays a significant role in the emergence of IDC in young children. Long-lasting ID leads to the development of IDA and is accompanied by pronounced impairments of various functions and systems of the body, the effects of which can persist for a long time and even for a lifetime, despite the replenishment of iron reserves by ferropraparates (FP).…”

“…Iron deficiency anaemia is the third leading cause of disability worldwide and contributes to child morbidity and mortality. [4]. Iron deficiency anaemia is a widespread disease that mainly affects children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women [5].…”

Evaluation of the characteristics of iron metabolism markers in patients with CHF-related anemia in Jordan ‎

“…Various papers state that it affects 7-79% of individuals with CHF [3,4]. Anemia is more common as the functional class of CHF rises, from 8-33% for functional class II to 19-68% and even 80% for functional class III-IV [5][6][7]. In Jordan, 2,026 non-pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 49 participated in a national household-level micronutrient survey between 2002 and 2010.…”