Abstract. The composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) was examined, including water content, cellulose content, organic ingredients, etc. Throughout the anaerobic digestion of the organic waste, the characteristics of anaerobic acidifying bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, cellulose-degrading bacteria and methane bacteria were analyzed with respect to time and spatial distribution. The function of the microbial community and the relationship between the metabolites were analyzed as well. The results showed that in the initial stage of anaerobic fermentation of municipal waste, large amounts of oxygen in the reactor enabled aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria to proliferate and transform most of the raw material into organic matter. With the formation of the anaerobic, nutrient-rich environment the number of anaerobic bacteria began to rise. Anaerobic acidifying bacteria reached a maximum number sooner and remained higher than ammonifying bacteria. Methane bacteria did not proliferate during the startup phase; the peak concentration of 3.36×10 9 /mL occurred at the 25th day, then remained stable. The anaerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria grew slowly. Within the reactor, the numbers of anaerobic acidifying bacteria, anaerobic ammonifying bacteria and methane bacteria were higher in the middle and bottom positions; the anaerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria proliferated at the bottom. In addition, the change trends of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen concentration were consistent with the spatial distribution of the bacteria. The VFA composition of biogas slurry was primarily butyric acid, indicating that butyric acid fermentation was the dominant process.