Anaerobic fungi and their cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes

Teunissen, M. J.; Camp, Huub J. M. Op den

doi:10.1007/bf00871733

Cited by 53 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…AF are now classified in a single order (Neocallimastigales) within the recently erected phylum Neocallimastigomycota (Hibbett et al, 2007). Originally described in sheep, members of the AF have since been shown to exist in the rumen, hindgut, and feces of ruminant and non-ruminant herbivorous mammals, as well as reptilian herbivores (Bauchop, 1979;Teunissen and Op den Camp, 1994;Mackie et al, 2004). Currently, only 6 genera and 20 species have been described (Griffith et al, 2009), although multiple uncharacterized isolates have also been reported (Philips and Gordon, 1989;Ho and Barr, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) in ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores

2010

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The phylogenetic diversity and community structure of members of the gut anaerobic fungi (AF) (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) were investigated in 30 different herbivore species that belong to 10 different mammalian and reptilian families using the internal transcribed spacer region-1 (ITS-1) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) region as a phylogenetic marker. A total of 267 287 sequences representing all known anaerobic fungal genera were obtained in this study. Sequences affiliated with the genus Piromyces were the most abundant, being encountered in 28 different samples, and representing 36% of the sequences obtained. On the other hand, sequences affiliated with the genera Cyllamyces and Orpinomyces were the least abundant, being encountered in 2, and 8 samples, and representing 0.7%, and 1.1% of the total sequences obtained, respectively. Further, 38.3% of the sequences obtained did not cluster with previously identified genera and formed eight phylogenetically distinct novel anaerobic fungal lineages. Some of these novel lineages were widely distributed (for example NG1 and NG3), whereas others were animal specific, being encountered in only one or two animals (for example NG4, NG6, NG7, and NG8). The impact of various physiological and environmental factors on the diversity and community structure of AF was examined. The results suggest that animal host phylogeny exerts the most significant role on shaping anaerobic fungal diversity and community composition. These results greatly expand the documented global phylogenetic diversity of members of this poorly studied group of fungi that has an important function in initiating plant fiber degradation during fermentative digestion in ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) in ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores

2010

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“…One of the most complex natural cellulose-digesting ecosystems exists in the rumen fluid of cows [30]. Although rumen microorganisms are capable of digesting cellulose, exogenous cellulase added to animal feed can increase the utilization of cellulosic feedstocks even in ruminant animals [31].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for evaluating the release of fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass

Jiménez-Flores

Fake

Carroll

et al. 2010

Enzyme and Microbial Technology

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a b s t r a c tEfficient hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass into free sugars for the production of bioethanol would allow utilization of an abundant and renewable natural resource. However, complex microcrystalline cellulose in biomass resists digestion. A preferred method to deconstruct cellulose is using enzyme cocktails, but the presence of multiple enzymes with synergistic outcomes for this process complicates direct biochemical analysis as a reliable indicator of deconstruction. Methods to detect release of free sugars rather than direct measurement of enzymatic activity are available but are time-consuming, and do not reflect the production of metabolic inhibitors of microbial growth which may interfere with the subsequent fermentation of sugars to ethanol. The work presented here describes an automated method for detecting the release of free sugars from enzymatic digestion of cellulosic biomass that allows for realtime measurements during the enzyme treatments and provides an indication of metabolic inhibitors that can interfere with subsequent growth of microbes during fermentation.

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“…The cellulolytic enzymes produced by the fungi such as Neocallismastix sp. and Piromyces sp., also include both multicomponent complexes and free enzymes which are highly active and are able to degrade wider range of substrates than the bacteria [20,21]. The cellulases and xylanases produced by the protozoans lack the multimodular organization displayed by the bacterial and fungal enzymes, and are secreted into food vacuoles [18].…”

Section: Enzymes For Biomass Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobes in Industrial- and Environmental Biotechnology

Hatti‐Kaul

Mattìasson

2016

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology

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Anaerobic microorganisms present in diverse ecological niches employ alternative strategies for energy conservation in the absence of oxygen which enables them to play a key role in maintaining the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, and the breakdown of persistent compounds. Thereby they become useful tools in industrial and environmental biotechnology. Although anaerobes have been relatively neglected in comparison to their aerobic counterparts, with increasing knowledge about their diversity and metabolic potential and the development of genetic tools and process technologies to utilize them, we now see a rapid expansion of their applications in the society. This chapter summarizes some of the developments in the use of anaerobes as tools for biomass valorization, in production of energy carriers and chemicals, wastewater treatment, and the strong potential in soil remediation. The ability of several autotrophic anaerobes to reduce carbon dioxide is attracting growing attention as a means for developing a platform for conversion of waste gases to chemicals, materials, and biofuels.

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Anaerobic fungi and their cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes

Cited by 53 publications

References 79 publications

Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) in ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores

Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) in ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores

A novel method for evaluating the release of fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass

Anaerobes in Industrial- and Environmental Biotechnology

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