Analgesia through the looking‐glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a ‘virtual’ limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement

Brodie, Eric E.; Whyte, Anne; Niven, Catherine A.

doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.06.002

Cited by 166 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, due to their heterogeneity it is difficult to ascertain who with PLP would benefit most from MT, and how the MT should be delivered. These studies suggest that perhaps MT is not protocol, intensity, frequency or subject dependant as the pain alleviation identified was found using various protocols amongst heterogeneous groups, perhaps what is more important is the ability to produce PLM or gain a sense of control/ownership whilst using MT, as this coincided with studies (Clerici et al, 2012;Sumatani et al, 2008;Brodie et al, 2007;Mosely., 2006) which reported PLP alleviation. The MT group of Brodie et al (2007) were twice as effective as the control MV group at creating PLM and gained more PLA than controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…PLM and subsequent PLP alleviation was experienced by patients with vivid as well as sparse MV abilities (Brodie et al, 2003). And after a single treatment of MV the control group of Brodie et al (2007) had significant PLP alleviation. Although it is thought that MV only partially activates the same cortical pathways as MT, therefore we should not expect MV to be as effective as actual visual feedback (Ramachandran & Altschular., 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Although MRI was not conducted in the other studies, this mechanism of CR is considered within the discussions of Brodie et al (2007) and Mosely (2006).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mirror therapy for the alleviation of phantom limb pain following amputation: A literature review

Timms

Carus

2015

International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation

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Introduction: Phantom Limb pain (PLP) affects up to 85% of all patients following an amputation, causing debilitating effects on their quality of life. Mirror Therapy (MT) has been reported to have potential success for the alleviation of PLP. Current understanding of PLP and the efficacy of MT for its alleviation are still unclear, therefore guidelines for treatment protocols are lacking. This literature review assesses the current best evidence for using MT to alleviate PLP of patients with amputation. Method:The authors systematically searched the academic databases Medline, Amed, CINAHL and Google Scholar, using key search terms with inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant articles on the use of MT in populations of patients suffering PLP after unilateral limb amputation.Findings: Seven primary papers were identified and appraised. All the articles reported significant PLP alleviation after using MT with a trend for achieving phantom limb movement (PLM) prior to pain relief. Conclusions:Mirror Therapy is a promising intervention for PLP. Regular MT sessions are required to maintain treatment effect. Causes of PLP and pathways to its alleviation may be multifactorial; therefore further well-conducted RCTs are required to identify best practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Mirror therapy for the alleviation of phantom limb pain following amputation: A literature review

Timms

Carus

2015

International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation

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“…In 2007, two smaller randomized controlled trials were published that attempted to address this deficiency. One study looked at the effects of mirror therapy on phantom limb motion, phantom limb sensation, and PLP [18]. In this study, no differences were seen between the mirror therapy arm and the control arm.…”

Section: Mirror Therapymentioning

confidence: 85%

Advances in the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain

Hommer

McCallin

Goff

2014

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

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Phantom limb pain (PLP) continues to place a significant emotional and physical burden on amputees and remains a challenge for those treating amputees. Despite advances in psychological, pharmacologic, and interventional therapies, treatment modalities and research results show promise, but there is no evidence to highly recommend any particular treatment. This review concludes that the best treatment approach is a measured and diligent trial of multiple modes of treatment. As researchers forge forward toward definitively establishing etiologies, focused treatment options may become available. Until then, PLP is an area that calls for intense research and which will continue to challenge the clinician caring for the amputee population.

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“…[1][2][3][4] PLP is one of the main causes of disability and distress among amputees, [5] and incidence of this phenomenon is up to 80 percent. [4,[6][7][8][9] Individual physiological, environmental, and psychological factors are involved in the etiology of PLP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Mirror Therapy on the Management of Phantom Limb Pain

Yildirim

Kanan

2016

Agri

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SummaryObjectives: In the last two decades, mirror therapy has become a frequently used method of managing phantom limb pain (PLP). However, the role of nurses in mirror therapy has not yet been well defined. This study examined the effect of mirror therapy on the management of PLP, and discusses the importance of mirror therapy in the nursing care of amputee patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the pain management department of a university hospital and a prosthesis clinic in İstanbul, Turkey, with 15 amputee patients who had PLP. Forty minutes of practical mirror therapy training was given to the patients and they were asked to practice at home for 4 weeks. Patients were asked to record the severity of their PLP before and after the therapy each day using 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale. Results: Mirror therapy practiced for 4 weeks provided a significant decrease in severity of PLP. There was no significant relationship between the effect of mirror therapy and demographic, amputation or PLP-related characteristics. Patients who were not using prosthesis had greater benefit from mirror therapy. Conclusion: Mirror therapy can be used as an adjunct to medical and surgical treatment of PLP. It is a method that patients can practice independently, enhancing self-control over phantom pain. As mirror therapy is a safe, economical, and easy-to-use treatment method, it should be considered in the nursing care plan for patients with PLP.

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Analgesia through the looking‐glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a ‘virtual’ limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement

Cited by 166 publications

References 35 publications

Mirror therapy for the alleviation of phantom limb pain following amputation: A literature review

Mirror therapy for the alleviation of phantom limb pain following amputation: A literature review

Advances in the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain

The Effect of Mirror Therapy on the Management of Phantom Limb Pain

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