Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofRosa taiwanensisNakai in Mice

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of a 70% ethanol extract from Rosa taiwanensis Nakai (RTEtOH). The analgesic effect was determined using acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by k-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of RTEtOH was examined by measuring the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the paw edema tissue and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GRd) in the liver tissue. The betulinic acid and oleanolic acid contents of RTEtOH were assayed by HPLC. The results showed that RTEtOH decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing responses (1.0 g/kg) and the late phase of the formalin-induced licking time (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg). In the anti-inflammatory models, RTEtOH (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) reduced the paw edema at 3, 4, and 5 h after k-carrageenan administration. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms might be due to the decreased levels of COX-2, TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, as well as the inhibition of NO and MDA levels through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx, and GRd. The contents of two active compounds, betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, were quantitatively determined. This study demonstrated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of RTEtOH and provided evidence to support its therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases.

Observing Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities of Glycyrrhizin Through Regulating COX-2 and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Expressions in Mice

“…The early phase (0 to 5 min) is associated with the activation of nociceptive neurons by the direct action of formalin [40], and the second phase (15 to 30 min) is thought to be an inflammatory pain response involving the release of many mediators such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and cytokines [41]. Studies have shown that drugs that act primarily on the central nervous system inhibit both phases, while others that act peripherally, such as anti-inflammatory and nonsteroidal agents, predominantly inhibit the second phase [15,42]. In our study, GL (similar to anti-inflammatory and nonsteroidal agents) only suppressed the second phase of the formalin-induced nociception, indicating that the analgesic effect of GL is likely due to its peripheral anti-nociceptive mechanisms.…”

Phenolic profile and anti-inflammatory activity of four Moroccan date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed varieties

“…Carrageenan-induced paw edema assay has been widely used to determine anti-inflammatory effect and is supposed to be biphasic (Tsai et al, 2015). The early stage (0-1 h) is characterised with the secretion of histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and overproduction of prostaglandins in surrounding damaged tissue (Begum et al, 2015).…”

“…The early stage (0-1 h) is characterised with the secretion of histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and overproduction of prostaglandins in surrounding damaged tissue (Begum et al, 2015). The later stage (1-6 h) is the target of the most clinically effective anti-inflammatory drugs due to an overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators like bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, nitric oxide and proteolytic enzymes by neutrophil in the inflamed tissues (Tsai et al, 2015;Kuedo et al, 2016).The effect of date seed extracts on carrageenan-induced swelling of rat paw was monotored for up to 6 h (Figure 4). For all tested extracts, paw swelling reaches the maximum level on the 4 th hour and ranged from 29.54% for Jihl seed to 61.10 % for Majhoul seed (p < 0.05).…”

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteract Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in an Acute Experimental Model of Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema

“…MDA is one of the most known secondary products of lipid peroxidation, and it is the most used as marker of cell membrane injury [92]. Additionally, another important biomarker, in the pathogenesis of inflammation, is NO that is produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase during the formation of l-citrulline from l-arginine [93]. In our studies we found that cashew nuts at the dose of 100 mg/kg was in grade to significantly diminished lipid peroxidation and NO formation.…”