Analgesic effects of main indole alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine in acute pain animal model

Mat, Noorul Hamizah; Bakar, Siti Najmi Syuhadaa; Murugaiyah, Vikneswaran; Chawarski, Marek C.; Hassan, Zurina

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114251

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Evidence emerging from the initial preclinical findings supports the anecdotal reports that kratom can be beneficial in treating pain and mental health–related conditions [ 26 ••]. In vitro and/or in vivo studies have shown that kratom and its alkaloids exert analgesic/antinociceptive effects as suggested by the increased latency of an antinociceptive response in the hot plate or tail-flick tests or in the model of inflammatory pain induced by acetic acid ( 27 , 28 ••). Anti-allodynic efficacy in neuropathic pain has also been described [ 29 ••, 30 •).…”

Section: Narrative Review Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review

et al. 2023

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Purpose of Review This work aims to provide an up-to-date review of the preclinical and clinical scientific literature on the therapeutic value of kratom to better understand the underlying mechanisms related to its use and inform future therapeutic applications. Recent Findings A growing number of studies, mainly of cross-sectional nature, describe the widespread use of kratom by individuals to self-treat pain, psychiatric symptoms, and substance use disorders (SUD) outside a controlled clinical setting. Preclinical evidence suggests kratom is effective as an analgesic agent and might decrease the self-administration of other drugs. A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom’s therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical samples of long-term kratom users also indicate its therapeutic benefit in managing SUD symptoms (e.g., craving) and long-term or acute symptoms (e.g., withdrawal) for alcohol, opioids, and other illicit drugs. However, episodes of kratom-related intoxications have also been reported, often due to the adulteration and the contamination of kratom products mainly sold online or mixed toxicities when consumed outside clinical and traditional settings. Summary Evidence on the clinical implications of kratom use is still limited and uncertain, with kratom research constantly evolving. Therefore, further randomized trials are needed.

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Section: Narrative Review Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review

et al. 2023

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“…Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing. Ziziphus mauritiana and Oenothera biennis ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts (sample was prepared by adding 10 mg crude extract in 25 mL of respective solvents) were tested for their analgesic activity following the method of [24] with few modifcations. Mice were divided into fve groups containing fve mice in each group.…”

Section: Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (Gc/ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Ziziphus Mauritiana var. spontanea (Edgew.) R.R. Stewart ex Qaiser & Nazim. and Oenothera Biennis L.

Ambrin,

Adil,

Filimban

et al. 2024

Journal of Food Quality

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Bioactive compounds of medicinal plants, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, are essential sources for developing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal drugs. In the current study, secondary metabolites were assessed through phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis whereas analgesic activity was carried out through hot plate (HP) and acetic acid-induced method (AAI), anti-inflammatory through paw edema model (PEM), and antispasmodic activity via charcoal meal test (CMT) using ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of Ziziphus mauritiana var. spontanea and Oenothera biennis. The phytochemical screening revealed that the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis were rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. GC-MS analysis of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract showed the existence of many bioactive substances at various retention durations (min). These included pharmacologically active compounds such as heptadecane, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, hexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid. The results of the HP method revealed that ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis at 300 mg/kg increased basal reaction time significantly (p<0.001) after 90 min. The results of the AAI method revealed that the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis showed significant (p<0.001) peripheral analgesic activity at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. The dosage of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight of the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis showed significant (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity. According to PEM, the ethanolic extract of O. biennis showed the highest reduction in paw volume (73.3%) at 300 mg/kg. The results of CMT revealed that ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis significantly (p<0.001) inhibited charcoal movement at 300 mg/kg. The maximum percent inhibition (67.2%) was shown by ethyl acetate of O. biennis at 300 mg/kg. From the present study, it can be concluded that ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Z. mauritiana and O. biennis have the potential to manage inflammation, pain, and diarrhea-related problems mainly at a higher dose, i.e., 300 mg/kg. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins might be among the responsible bioactive constituents. These plants showed significant medicinal and therapeutic efficacy which are novel. However, further studies are required to investigate the mechanism responsible for the activity.

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“…O teste de ácido acético tem suas limitaçõespois testes cujo parâmetro de avaliação são contorções abdominais do animal apresentam baixa especificidade mas, de modo geral, pode-se dizer que se trata de um método bem consolidado na literatura para avaliação do potencial nociceptivo de substâncias. As contorções abdominais são o movimento de contração e rotação do abdome do animal associadas ao movimento de extensão das patas traseiras (Collier et al, 1968;Nascimento, 2016, Mat et al, 2023. No presente estudo foi demonstrado que o tratamento dos animais com EHCR administrado tanto por via oral quanto intraperitoneal, foi capaz de reduzir as contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético, com perfil de resposta muito semelhante aos obtidos com C. ambrosiodes (Grassi et al, 2013) antinociceptivos a partir da avaliação comportamental em duas fases do processo doloroso: a fase neurogênica (primeira fase) e a fase inflamatória (segunda fase).…”

Section: Efeito Do Ehcr Sobre a Nocicepção Induzida Pelo Calor: Teste...unclassified

Avaliação pré-clínica do extrato hidroalcoólico de Chenopodium retusum: ênfase ao efeito antinociceptivo

Dadam Junior,

Pavesi,

De Bortoli

et al. 2023

Braz. J. Hea. Rev.

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A planta Chenopodium retusum é uma importante espécie do gênero Chenopodium, o qual contém espécies com propriedade analgésica, usada popularmente no tratamento de distúrbios gastrointestinais e manejo da dor. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito antinociceptivo do extrato hidroalcoólico de Chenopodium retusum (EHCR) em testes farmacológicos de dor aguda in vivo e testes comportamentais (Campo aberto/TCA). Camundongos Swiss fêmeas (25-30g/n=8) foram submetidos a testes farmacológicos de dor aguda induzida quimicamente por: formalina (2,5%), ácido acético (0,6%), capsaicina (1,6 µg/pata), glutamato (30 nmol/pata) e termicamente (placa quente). EHCR (50, 150 e 300 mg/kg) foi administrado por via intraperitoneal ou oral respectivamente 30 e 60 minutos antes dos testes. Controles positivos Indometacina (10 mg/kg) e/ou Morfina (5 mg/kg) e, negativo (veículo de solubilização do EHCR) foram utilizados nos experimentos. EHCR reduziu ambas as fases (neurogênica e inflamatória) da nocicepção induzida pela formalina, e apresentou efeito antiedematogênico. Foi também observada redução da nocicepção induzida pela capsaicina, glutamato e ácido acético. No teste da placa quente houve aumento do limiar nociceptivo. Os resultados em conjunto confirmam o efeito antinociceptivo do EHCR, validando em parte o uso de Chenopodium retusum no manejo da dor. Estudos futuros poderão determinar os fitoconstituintes envolvidos e os mecanismos farmacodinâmicos responsáveis por essa ação.

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Analgesic effects of main indole alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine in acute pain animal model

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review

Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review

Chemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Ziziphus Mauritiana var. spontanea (Edgew.) R.R. Stewart ex Qaiser & Nazim. and Oenothera Biennis L.

Avaliação pré-clínica do extrato hidroalcoólico de Chenopodium retusum: ênfase ao efeito antinociceptivo

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