PURPOSE Because avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is recommended for most individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), we sought to characterize patterns of NSAID use among persons with CKD in the United States.METHODS A total of 12,065 adult (aged 20 years or older) participants in the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999Survey ( -2004 responded to a questionnaire regarding their use of over-the-counter and prescription NSAIDs. NSAIDs (excluding aspirin and acetaminophen) were defi ned by self-report. CKD was categorized as no CKD, mild CKD (stages 1 and 2; urinary albumin-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g) and moderate to severe CKD (stages 3 and 4; estimated glomerular fi ltration rate of 15-59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Adjusted prevalence was calculated using multivariable logistic regression with appropriate population-based weighting.RESULTS Current use (nearly every day for 30 days or longer) of any NSAID was reported by 2.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0% of the US population with no, mild, and moderate to severe CKD, respectively; nearly all of the NSAIDs used were available over-the-counter. Among those with moderate to severe CKD who were currently using NSAIDs, 10.2% had a current NSAID prescription and 66.1% had used NSAIDs for 1 year or longer. Among those with CKD, disease awareness was not associated with reduced current NSAID use: (3.8% vs 3.9%, aware vs unaware; P = .979).
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTIONB oth over-the-counter and prescription nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the United States.1 General medicine textbooks [2][3][4] and nephrology subspecialty consensus guidelines (National Kidney Foundation) 5 recommend avoidance of NSAIDs (except aspirin and acetaminophen) for most patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Persons with CKD, however, are likely unaware of their disease 6 and may also be unaware that NSAIDs should be avoided. Additionally, those with CKD are likely to be older and have multiple comorbid conditions or symptoms that lead to increased use of NSAIDs.
7NSAIDs have been associated both with acute kidney injury in the general population 8 and with disease progression in those with CKD.
9For those with CKD, the further decrease in volume of renal blood fl ow resulting from decreased prostaglandin synthesis can lead to acute kidney injury, sodium retention, edema, hypertension, and hyperkalemia. Despite the potential adverse renal effects of NSAIDs, little is known about the patterns of NSAID use among those with CKD in community settings. Here we estimate the prevalence and describe patterns of self-reported NSAID use among adults by CKD status using data from the community-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
METHODS
Study DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study of participants from NHANES, which consists of standardized in-home interviews and physical examinations and specimen collections at mobile examination centers of representative samples of noninstitutionalized ...