“…For the case of tensile fracture of plain concrete, a tensile cut-off failure surface is used [16]. The performance of the used model in 3D-NLFEA can be seen to be satisfactory to capture flexural and shear cracks in RC beam [25] and RC column [26], [27], and in RC deep beam [28]. In [25] , the simply supported beam was loaded with displacement control in the middle span.…”