“…In the table, before attending the lectures, most students have understood many chemistry concepts, both macroscopic concepts (i.e., types of general substances and specific materials) and sub-microscopic concepts that involve skills and reasoning (Astuti, 2020) as they studied chemistry in high school and everyday life. Even so, there were still difficulties in understanding related symbols, nomenclature, writing chemical for-mulas, and molecular shapes of organic and inorganic compounds since no deep discussion was undertaken about these concepts in high schools (Adlim et al, 2017;Priliyanti et al, 2021;Dewi, 2022). This study also showed a significant increase in student outcomes at the beginning of learning compared to the mid-semester on all the concepts studied.…”