Indonesia’s rapid economic growth has significantly increased CO2 emissions, particularly from the energy and agricultural sectors. This study examines the interactions between agriculture, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Indonesia using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, incorporating factors affecting environmental quality from 1990-2020. In this research using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The findings reveal inertia in CO2 emissions, with the previous year’s emissions significantly impacting current levels. GDP shows no significant effect on CO2 emissions, while renewable energy use reduces emissions, although past renewable energy use suggests a delayed impact due to the transition to clean technologies. The government should promote renewable energy through subsidies, tax incentives, and stricter emission regulations, while accelerating the shift from fossil fuels and implementing mitigation technologies for sustainable and low-carbon growth.