Analogy and Symmetry

Bartha, Paul

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325539.003.0008

Cited by 15 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…As a result, they do not account for the nature of the inference being made from the retina to the brain on the basis of common biology, which is an analogy. 7 Analogical arguments are common in science, and use known similarities between two objects to support the conclusion that further similarity exists (see Bartha 7 for an extensive review of analogical reasoning).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers

MacCormick

Zhang

Hill

et al. 2022

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

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Objective Propose a theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background The retina and brain share important biological features that are relevant to AD. Developing retinal biomarkers of AD is a strategic priority but as yet none have been validated for clinical use. Part of the reason may be that fundamental inferential assumptions have been overlooked. Failing to recognize these assumptions will disadvantage biomarker discovery and validation, but incorporating them into analyses could facilitate translation. New theory The biological assumption that a disease causes analogous effects in the brain and retina can be expressed within a Bayesian network. This allows inferences about abstract theory and individual events, and provides an opportunity to falsify the foundational hypothesis of retina–brain analogy. Graphical representation of the relationships between variables simplifies comparison between studies and facilitates judgements about whether key assumptions are valid given the current state of knowledge. Major challenges The framework provides a visual approach to retinal biomarkers and may help to rationalize analysis of future studies. It suggests possible reasons for inconsistent results in existing literature on AD biomarkers. Linkage to other theories The framework can be modified to describe alternative theories of retinal biomarker biology, such as retrograde degeneration resulting from brain disease, and can incorporate confounding factors such as co‐existent glaucoma or macular degeneration. Parallels with analogue confirmation theory and surrogate marker validation suggest strengths and weaknesses of the framework that can be anticipated when developing analysis plans. Highlights Retinal biomarkers hold great promise for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but none are currently used clinically. Assumptions about the cause of retinal and brain changes are often overlooked, and this may disadvantage biomarker discovery and validation. We present a new approach to retinal biomarkers that describes cause and effect graphically in a Bayesian network. We show how this allows a more complete assessment of how well a biomarker might reflect the brain, and how data from right and left eyes can be used to rule out poor biomarker candidates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers

MacCormick

Zhang

Hill

et al. 2022

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

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“…Analogical reasoning is an engine of creative thought and language use: Its use in problemsolving has been studied in artificial intelligence (review: Gentner & Forbus 2011), cognitive psychology (review : Holyoak 2012) and the philosophy of science (review: Bartha 2013); its use in motivating and interpreting metaphorical expressions is a central tenet of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 1999, extension: Steen 2011, review: Gibbs 2011, has been studied in artificial intelligence (review: Barnden 2008), and has experimental support from cognitive psychology (Gentner et al 2001, Bowdle & Gentner 2005. This paper will put forward and philosophically deploy the new differential processing hypothesis that analogical reasoning employs different mapping-strategies in problem-solving and metaphor-interpretation, respectively: As a default, our hypothesis claims, analogical reasoning in problem-solving employs analogy-maximising mapping-strategies; as a default, what analogical reasoning is involved in metaphor-interpretation uses restricted or analogyminimising mapping-strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental studies from cognitive and social psychology as well as communication science suggest such reasoning spontaneously occurs in problemsolving (Thibodeau & Boroditsky 2011, 2013 under conditions characteristic of much philosophical thought: high level of abstraction , greater psychological distance (Jia & Smith 2013), low confidence in own target-domain understanding (Landau et al 2014), and low level of target-domain knowledge (Vandeleene et al, in prep). Indeed, various philosophers have suggested that such reasoning is at the root of philosophically and culturally influential introspective conceptions of the mind (Fischer 2011, Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 1999, Rorty 1980.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crucially, it allows us to do so in the current (and arguably not contingent) absence of comprehensive normative theories of analogical inference (Bartha 2010(Bartha , 2013). This will allow us to contribute to the development of a (cooperative) naturalised 'cognitive epistemology' ) that shows us when and where thinkers may (not) go along with heuristic inferences that strike them as plausible -a key aim of the 'Sources Project' emerging from experimental philosophy (Fischer & Engelhardt 2016, Weinberg 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wittgenstein 1933. Without addressing philosophical examples, recent experimental studies from cognitive and social psychology as well as communication science suggest spontaneous analogical inferences with metaphors occur in problem-solving (Thibodeau & Boroditsky 2011, 2013 under conditions characteristic of much philosophical thought: high level of abstraction , greater psychological distance (Jia & Smith 2013), low confidence in own target-domain understanding (Landau et al 2014), and low level of target-domain knowledge (Vandeleene et al, in prep).…”

Section: Introspective Mindsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two analogy strategies: the cases of mind metaphors and introspection

Fischer

2017

Connection Science

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Analogical reasoning is often employed in problem-solving and metaphor interpretation. This paper submits that, as a default, analogical reasoning addressing these different tasks employs different mapping strategies: In problem-solving, it employs analogymaximising strategies (like structure mapping, Gentner & Markman 1997); in metaphor interpretation, analogy-minimising strategies (like ATT-Meta, Barnden 2015). The two strategies interact in analogical reasoning with conceptual metaphors. This interaction leads to predictable fallacies. The paper supports these hypotheses through case-studies on 'mind'-metaphors from ordinary discourse, and abstract problem-solving in the philosophy of mind, respectively: It shows that (1) default metaphorical interpretations for vision-and spacecognition metaphors can be derived with a variant of the analogy-minimising ATT-Meta approach, (2) philosophically influential introspective conceptions of the mind can be derived with conceptual metaphors only through an analogy-maximising strategy, and (3) the interaction of these strategies leads to hitherto unrecognised fallacies in analogical reasoning with metaphors. This yields a debunking explanation of introspective conceptions.KEYWORDS: Analogical inference, conceptual metaphor, metaphor interpretation, mind metaphors, introspection, debunking explanation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: For helpful comments on previous drafts and closely related material I am indebted to John Barnden, Christian Burgers, and Rachel Giora, an anonymous referee for this journal, and audiences at the 8 th AISB Symposium

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Developing an instrument to examine students' analogical modeling competence: An example of electricity

Lin,

Chao

2023

Science Education

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Science education reforms advocate modeling as a core practice in which analogy is a significant form and analogical modeling is a creative process for scientific explanation and discovery. This study adopts the self‐generated analogical modeling approach involving electricity, which considers all the modeling subprocesses and includes two subtopics (circuits and energy) with incompatible ontological presuppositions as a conceptual space to develop an analogical modeling competence (AMC) instrument. Two constructs, phenomenon‐related abductive premises (Phenomenon‐AbPr) and analogical modeling processes (AMP), that describe the increasing sophistication of students' AMC (i.e., Level 0 experience to Level 4 high‐order relation) are considered. The procedures utilize a construct‐based approach of developing an assessment to validate the underlying constructs and subtopics to develop the mapping between the target and the analogical models, design items, and determine outcome spaces. Data were collected from 294 Grade 6 students to examine their AMC. The item response theory technique based on the Rasch partial credit model was used to validate the two‐phase model. Student results revealed that the infit and outfit mean square values were between 0.75 and 1.33, indicating acceptable item fit. Results revealed that students scored highest on the open series circuit and lowest on electric energy in the Phenomenon‐AbPr phase. Most students demonstrated relational mapping in the analogical model validation (Level 3) stage, which performed best in the AMP phase. However, they struggled to transfer factors during the analogical model application and deployment (Level 0). Implications for science assessment and teaching are discussed.

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Analogy and Symmetry

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers

A proposed theoretical framework for retinal biomarkers

Two analogy strategies: the cases of mind metaphors and introspection

Developing an instrument to examine students' analogical modeling competence: An example of electricity

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