Analyses of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase, Metallo-β-Lactamase, and AmpC-β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae from the Dairy Value Chain in India

Abstract

The consumption of milk contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant health threat to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae producing β-lactamases (ESBL, MBL, and AmpC) in cow and buffalo milk samples from two Indian states, Haryana and Assam. A total of 401 milk samples were collected from dairy farmers and vendors in the specified districts. Microbiological assays, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and PCR-based genotyping were employed to analyze 421 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The overall prevalence of β-lactamase genes was 10% (confidence interval (CI) (7–13)), with higher rates in Haryana (13%, CI (9–19)) compared to Assam (7%, CI (4–11)). The identified β-lactamase genes in isolates were blaCMY, blaMOX, blaFOX, blaEBC, and blaDHA, associated with AmpC production, while blaCTX-M1, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected as ESBL producers. While blaVIM, blaIMP, blaSPM, blaSIM, and blaGIM were identified as MBL producers. Notably, Shigella spp. were the dominant β-lactamase producers among identified Enterobacteriaceae. This study highlights the presence of various prevalent β-lactamase genes in milk isolates, indicating the potential risk of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dairy products. The presence of β-lactam resistance raises concern as this could restrict antibiotic options for treatment. The discordance between genotypic and phenotypic methods emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive approaches that integrate both techniques to accurately assess antibiotic resistance. Urgent collaborative action incorporating rational and regulated use of antibiotics across the dairy value chain is required to address the global challenge of β-lactam resistance.

Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Intestinal Contents of Wild Marine Fish in Chile

“…Isolates exhibiting an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of ≤23 mm were considered suspected ESBL-producers [42] and were subjected to confirmatory tests. ESBL production was detected phenotypically by the Combination Disc Diffusion Test (CDDT) method, in accordance with Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [43,44]. A 0.5 McFarland suspension of the test isolate was prepared and inoculated onto CAMHA plates, and disks containing cefotaxime, both alone (CTX, 30 µg) and in combination with clavulanic acid (CTL), were placed 15 mm apart; the plates were incubated at 22 • C for 24 h.…”

Occurrence and characterization of multidrug-resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis of Haryana

“…E. coli that produces ESBL has also been detected in raw milk with or without mastitis symptoms (Ansharieta et al 2021). ESBL producing Gram negative isolates can be transmitted between humans and animals by various routes like direct contact and through food chain via raw milk and its products (Batabyal et al 2018, Tenhagen et al 2020, Dey et al 2023. This study was designed to know about the presence of ESBL producing E. coli from bovine mastitis cases of Haryana, India.…”

“…Efforts in the field of welfare of animals has been enabled by impacts about the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance (Naranjo-Lucena and Slowey 2023). Antibiotic resistance among mastitis causing and foodborne pathogens is well reported from India (Das et al 2017, Yadav et al 2018, Manoj and Singh 2020, Dey et al 2023. The OIE advises monitoring antibiotic resistance in animals while WHO urges prudent and sensible use of antibiotics in the community as a whole (Dougnon et al 2020).…”