Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991

Kaplan, Alexey

doi:10.1029/98jc01736

Cited by 517 publications

(813 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To examine the evolution of SSTA and subsurface oceanic conditions during CE and EE, we used the Kaplan Extended SSTA V2 on 5.0 • latitude × 5.0 • longitude (Kaplan et al, 1998) and monthly subsurface oceanic temperature anomaly (SOTA) dataset from the Joint Environmental Data Analysis Center (JEDAC) at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography on a horizontal resolution of 5 • ×2 • in longitude and latitude and 11 vertical levels from surface to the depth of 400 m (additional information is available online at http://jedac.ucsd.edu/DATA − IMAGES/index.html). Data span the period 1951-2006, except for SOTA from 1955 to 2001.…”

Section: Datasupporting

confidence: 75%

Connections between different types of El Niño and Southern/Northern Oscillation

Jingbei¹,

Zhang²,

Lieting³

2011

Acta Meteorol Sin

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It has long been acknowledged that there are two types of El Niño events, i.e., the eastern Pacific El Niño (EE) and the central Pacific El Niño (CE), according to the initial position of the anomalous warm water and its propagation direction. In this paper, the oceanic and atmospheric evolutions and the possible mechanisms of the two types of El Niño events were examined. It is found that all the El Niño events, CE or EE, could be attributed to the joint impacts of the eastward advection of warm water from the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Before the occurrence of CE events, WPWP had long been in a state of being anomalous warm, so the strength of eastward advection of warm water was much stronger than that of EE, which played a major role in the formation of CE. While for the EE events, most contribution came from the local warming of the equatorial eastern Pacific. It is further identified that the immediate cause leading to the difference of the two types of El Ni no events was the asynchronous variations of the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the Northern Oscillation (NO) as defined by Chen in 1984. When the transition from the positive phase of the NO (NO + ) to NO − was prior to that from SO + to SO − , there would be eastward propagation of westerly anomalies from the tropical western Pacific induced by NO and hence the growth of warm sea surface temperature anomalies in WPWP and its eastward propagation. This was followed by lagged SO-induced weakening of southeast trade winds and local warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific. These were conducive to the occurrence of the CE. On the contrary, the transition from SO + to SO − leading the transition of NO would favor the occurrence of EE type events.

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Section: Datasupporting

confidence: 75%

Connections between different types of El Niño and Southern/Northern Oscillation

Jingbei¹,

Zhang²,

Lieting³

2011

Acta Meteorol Sin

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“…Comparisons to ENSO (NINO3 Index2526; Fig. 3) indicate that much of the observed multi-decadal variability in Antarctic lead records during the past 120 years also may be attributed to changes in atmospheric transport, suggesting that regional-to-global scale circulation plays an important role in modulating aerosol concentrations and climate at multi-decadal timescales.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

McConnell

Maselli

Sigl

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

103

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Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.

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“…Indices of the AMO have traditionally been based on average annual SST anomalies in the North Atlantic region3. To account for the influence of the recent global warming trend on North Atlantic SST, revised AMO indices have subsequently been defined by including global mean SSTs45 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years

et al. 2011

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Understanding the internal ocean variability and its influence on climate is imperative for society. A key aspect concerns the enigmatic Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a feature defined by a 60- to 90-year variability in North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures. The nature and origin of the AMO is uncertain, and it remains unknown whether it represents a persistent periodic driver in the climate system, or merely a transient feature. Here, we show that distinct, ∼55- to 70-year oscillations characterized the North Atlantic ocean-atmosphere variability over the past 8,000 years. We test and reject the hypothesis that this climate oscillation was directly forced by periodic changes in solar activity. We therefore conjecture that a quasi-persistent ∼55- to 70-year AMO, linked to internal ocean-atmosphere variability, existed during large parts of the Holocene. Our analyses further suggest that the coupling from the AMO to regional climate conditions was modulated by orbitally induced shifts in large-scale ocean-atmosphere circulation.

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Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991

Cited by 517 publications

References 9 publications

Connections between different types of El Niño and Southern/Northern Oscillation

Connections between different types of El Niño and Southern/Northern Oscillation

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years

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