Analyses of IR stimulation influence on EEG

EEG-Validated Photobiomodulation Treatment of Dementia—Case Study

“…In this work, we used a stimulation frequency of with power levels 2 and 3 producing a power density of and 12.7 mW/cm for each of the 3 clusters of LED , see Table 1 . We chose a stimulation frequency of 10 Hz because the features of Alzheimer’s disease in EEG have been described in [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], where it is confirmed that participants with AD showed a significant decrease in spectral and coherence analysis in the alpha band. During the first week of stimulation, three sessions were conducted at power level 2, while during the rest of the time, five sessions per week were conducted at power level 3.…”

“…The functional dysregulation of the default mode network that occurs with the progression of AD is often associated with a resting brain state similar to Alpha activity in the occipital area when the eyes are closed, as reported in [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Photobiomodulation ( PBM ) refers to the therapeutic use of red or near-infrared light to stimulate inflammation, relieve pain, promote healing, and prevent tissue death [ 17 ]. The photons of a certain energy or the light of a certain wavelength are able to stimulate a photochemical reaction by being absorbed by the photoaccepting chemical substances in the cell [ 18 ]. Different wavelengths can be used, but red and near-infrared ( NIR ) light with wavelengths from 600 to 1100 nm are most commonly used because of their greater penetration depth.…”

“…Different wavelengths can be used, but red and near-infrared ( NIR ) light with wavelengths from 600 to 1100 nm are most commonly used because of their greater penetration depth. With red and NIR light, the photoacceptor is cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme in mitochondria involved in the fourth phase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain [ 18 , 28 ]. When PBM is used with red and NIR light, mitochondria in cells produce more ATP (Anti-inflammatroy process), which consequently leads to more energy for the cell.…”

“…When PBM is used with red and NIR light, mitochondria in cells produce more ATP (Anti-inflammatroy process), which consequently leads to more energy for the cell. In addition, PBM produces reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in cell healing, signaling, and stimulation of gene transcription by transcription factors and nuclear factors [ 18 , 29 ]. Another benefit of PBM is the release of nitric oxide from the mitochondria, allowing more oxygen to take its place and generate more energy [ 18 ], see Figure 1 .…”