Analyses of ping-pong handovers in real 4G telecommunication networks

Zidic, Dinko; Mastelić, Toni; Kosović, Ivana Nižetić; Čagalj, Mario; Lörincz, Josip

doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109699

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similarly, if the network infrastructure is not properly configured or maintained, it may cause unnecessary handovers, leading to performance issues. Unnecessary handover can also occur when the vehicle frequently moves between cells or RSUs [13]. This can happen in scenarios where the cells or RSUs are too small or where there are too many cells or RSUs in close proximity to each other.…”

Section: Unnecessary Handovermentioning

confidence: 99%

5G handover issues and techniques for vehicular communications

Ali Zuhdi Rosli,

Fatimah Abdul Razak,

Yogarayan

2023

IJEECS

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<span lang="EN-US">Vehicular communication is gaining popularity, and seamless handover is critical to maintaining a stable and uninterrupted network connection between vehicles and roadside units. This paper investigates the advancements in handover approaches in vehicular networks, with a specific focus on 5G technology. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) face challenges due to high mobility, dynamic network topology, and frequent information exchange. The paper discusses handover issues in 5G VANET environments, such as too-late and too-early handovers, wrong handover decisions, and unnecessary handovers. It also explores key performance indicators (KPIs) used in handover evaluation. The advancements in handover approaches presented in this paper pave the way for enhanced connectivity and communication management in 5G VANETs, contributing to the development of safer and more efficient intelligent transportation systems.</span>

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Section: Unnecessary Handovermentioning

confidence: 99%

5G handover issues and techniques for vehicular communications

Ali Zuhdi Rosli,

Fatimah Abdul Razak,

Yogarayan

2023

IJEECS

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“…That is, new registration traffic is generated whenever the UE moves to cells that belong to a different RA. As such, the phenomenon of the deteriorating service quality of other UE due to the registration traffic caused by the UE's movement that frequently crosses the RA boundary is called the ping-pong effect [10,24,27]. It is necessary to develop a simulation model by downsizing the overall coverage area served by the wireless communication network.…”

Section: One-zone System (1z System)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When an incoming call arrives, paging is processed for all cells within that RA. The most significant drawback of the 1Z system, which operates one zone within an RA, is the handling of the frequent registration traffic (known as the ping-pong effect) at the RA boundaries, resulting in service quality degradation for other subscribers [10,[24][25][26][27][28]. To address this issue, a scheme involving the operation of two zones within an RA (the 2Z system) has been proposed [10,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Two-Zone-Based Registration System with Timer in Wireless Communication Networks

Jang,

Baek

2023

Electronics

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Numerous studies have been conducted on wireless communication networks to reduce the costs associated with location registration and paging traffic caused by the movement of user equipment (UE). Among them, a zone-based registration scheme is commonly used due to its convenience of implementation. In a zone-based scheme, a set of non-overlapping cells are managed as a single zone called a registration area (RA). The UE requests registration each time it enters a new RA. The most significant drawback of the 1Z system (an RA consisting of one zone) is the degradation in the service quality due to the registration traffic that frequently occurs at the RA boundaries. To overcome this drawback, a 2Z system that can manage two zones with one RA has been proposed. However, in the 2Z system, the paging costs for the UE that has returned to the previous zone increase, which can significantly degrade the performance compared to the 1Z system if the call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) is large or if the probability of returning to the previous zone is small. In this study, a new 2Z_Timer scheme is proposed to enhance the performance of the 2Z system. This method involves initiating a Timer for the previously visited zone when the UE enters a new zone, making it possible to retain the information of the previous zone for a specified threshold period. Simulations were conducted using flowchart-based RAPTOR software to compare its performance to those of the 1Z and 2Z systems. The results showed that the 2Z_Timer system effectively reduced the paging costs, even when the CMR was high or the probability of returning to the previous zone was low. Numerical results for various Timer thresholds showed that the 2Z_Timer system could lead to cost reductions of 10.6% and 28.6% compared to the 1Z and 2Z systems, respectively.

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“…eNBs communicate with mobile phones using analogue and digital signals via the air interface. eNB controls the operation of all mobile phones by sending signal messages (Zidic et al, 2023). eNBs are connected to the EPC via the S1 interface.…”

Section: Lte Network Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Denial-of-Service Attacks and Queue Management Algorithms on Cellular Networks

ÇAKMAK

2023

jista

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In today's digital landscape, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks stand out as a formidable threat to organisations all over the world. As known technology gradually advances and the proliferation of mobile devices, cellular network operators face pressure to fortify their infrastructure against these risks. DDoS incursions into Cellular Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks can wreak havoc, elevate packet loss, and suboptimal network performance. Managing the surges in traffic that afflict LTE networks is of paramount importance. Queue management algorithms emerge as a viable solution to wrest control over congestion at the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer within LTE networks. These algorithms work proactively, anticipating, and mitigating congestion by curtailing data transfer rates and fortifying defences against potential DDoS onslaughts. In the paper, we delve into a range of queue management methods Drop-Tail, Random Early Detection (RED), Controlled Delay (CoDel), Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE), and Packet Limited First In, First Out queue (pFIFO). Our rigorous evaluation of these queue management algorithms hinges on a multifaceted assessment that encompasses vital performance parameters. We gauge the LTE network's resilience against DDoS incursions, measuring performance based on end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery rate (PDF), and fairness index values. The crucible for this evaluation is none other than the NS3 simulator, a trusted platform for testing and analysis. The outcomes of our simulations provide illuminating insights. CoDel, RED, PIE, pFIFO, and Drop-Tail algorithms emerge as top performers in succession. These findings underscore the critical role of advanced queue management algorithms in fortifying LTE networks against DDoS attacks, offering robust defences and resilient network performance.

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Analyses of ping-pong handovers in real 4G telecommunication networks

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

5G handover issues and techniques for vehicular communications

5G handover issues and techniques for vehicular communications

Performance Analysis of Two-Zone-Based Registration System with Timer in Wireless Communication Networks

The Impact of Denial-of-Service Attacks and Queue Management Algorithms on Cellular Networks

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