Analyses of Seven New Genomes of Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii Strains, Causative Agents of Citrus Canker B and C, Show a Reduced Repertoire of Pathogenicity-Related Genes

Fonseca, Natasha Peixoto; Patané, José Salvatore Leister; Varani, Alessandro M.; Felestrino, Érica Barbosa; Caneschi, Washington Luiz; Sanchez, Angélica Bianchini; Cordeiro, Isabella Ferreira; Lemes, Camila Gracyelle de Carvalho; Assis, Renata de Almeida Barbosa; García, Camila; Belasque, José; Martins, Joaquim; Facincani, Agda Paula; Ferreira, Rafael Marini; Jaciani, Fabrício José; Almeida, Nalvo F.; Ferro, Jesus Aparecido; Moreira, Leandro Márcio; Setúbal, João Carlos

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02361

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Recently, a complete genome-based study demonstrated that the type B and type C strains lack genes involved with the types I and IV secretion systems, the biosynthesis of alginate, hemagglutinin and hemolysin, which are known to play a role in host infection in type A, the more aggressive haplotype (Fonseca et al 2019). This result is consistent with the attenuated citrus canker phenotypes of B and C variants.…”

Section: Xanthomonas Citri Pv Aurantifolii (Types B and C)mentioning

confidence: 54%

Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus

Behlau

Gochez

Jones

2020

Trop. plant pathol.

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Since citrus canker was first described in the early 1900's, four major types and three species of pathogenic xanthomonads associated to citrus were identified based on the characteristic symptoms and host range. Type A, caused by X. citri subsp. citri, develops typical raised cankered lesions and is pathogenic on most commercial citrus species and cultivars. Types B and C are caused by X. citri pv. aurantifolii which elicits canker lesions. Besides the typical type A, the more aggressive and most widely spread type, other subtypes have been described, such as type A*, type A w , type A-Manatee, type A-Miami, type A-minus pthA, and type-A etrog. The type B strains are found only in Argentina and are more pathogenic on lemon and less aggressive on sweet orange, tangerines and grapefruit. The type C strains are found only in Brazil and are pathogenic only on Key lime. X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis, formerly known as type E, causes citrus bacterial spot and is more aggressive on trifoliate citrus and its hybrids. Lesions caused by citrus bacterial spot are flat or sunken and not raised. Several subtypes of X. citri subsp. citri have also been identified. Besides the differences in pathogenicity, xanthomonads may also vary in their sensitivity to copper. Copper resistance has been reported for strains of X. citri subsp. citri and X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis and is conferred by the gene clusters copLAB or copABCD. Resistance to copper has serious implications for the use of copper-based bactericides, which are the most important chemicals for the control of diseases caused by Xanthomonas on citrus. Keywords Citrus bacterial spot. Citrus canker. Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. X. citri pv. aurantifolii. X. citri subsp. citri. copABCD. copLAB

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Section: Xanthomonas Citri Pv Aurantifolii (Types B and C)mentioning

confidence: 54%

Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus

Behlau

Gochez

Jones

2020

Trop. plant pathol.

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“…Genes involved in copper/arsenate resistance and conjugation are highlighted along the plasmid sequences. Fonseca et al, 2019). Recently, with the availability of the longread sequencing method and the advances in genome assembly (Kolmogorov et al, 2019), complex genome structures can be fully resolved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whole genome sequencing has been widely used to understand the pathogenic, taxonomic and phylogenetic status of the xanthomonads ( Zhang et al, 2015 ; Bansal et al, 2017 ; Patane et al, 2019 ). Previous studies lacked the resolution of repetitive or duplicate regions as they could not be precisely resolved by the short-read sequencing method and the bioinformatic algorithm ( Triplett et al, 2011 ; Fonseca et al, 2019 ). Recently, with the availability of the long-read sequencing method and the advances in genome assembly ( Kolmogorov et al, 2019 ), complex genome structures can be fully resolved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomic Analysis Uncovered Evolution of Pathogenicity Factors, Horizontal Gene Transfer Events, and Heavy Metal Resistance Traits in Citrus Canker Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Huang

Zheng

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Background: Worldwide citrus production is severely threatened by Asiatic citrus canker which is caused by the proteobacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Foliar sprays of copper-based bactericides are frequently used to control plant bacterial diseases. Despite the sequencing of many X. citri strains, the genome diversity and distribution of genes responsible for metal resistance in X. citri subsp. citri strains from orchards with different management practices in Taiwan are not well understood.Results: The genomes of three X. citri subsp. citri strains including one copper-resistant strain collected from farms with different management regimes in Taiwan were sequenced by Illumina and Nanopore sequencing and assembled into complete circular chromosomes and plasmids. CRISPR spoligotyping and phylogenomic analysis indicated that the three strains were located in the same phylogenetic lineages and shared ∼3,000 core-genes with published X. citri subsp. citri strains. These strains differed mainly in the CRISPR repeats and pathogenicity-related plasmid-borne transcription activator-like effector (TALE)-encoding pthA genes. The copper-resistant strain has a unique, large copper resistance plasmid due to an unusual ∼40 kbp inverted repeat. Each repeat contains a complete set of the gene cluster responsible for copper and heavy metal resistance. Conversely, the copper sensitive strains carry no metal resistance genes in the plasmid. Through comparative analysis, the origin and evolution of the metal resistance clusters was resolved.Conclusion: Chromosomes remained constant among three strains collected in Taiwan, but plasmids likely played an important role in maintaining pathogenicity and developing bacterial fitness in the field. The evolution of pathogenicity factors and horizontal gene transfer events were observed in the three strains. These data suggest that agricultural management practices could be a potential trigger for the evolution of citrus canker pathogens. The decrease in the number of CRISPR repeats and pthA genes might be the result of adaptation to a less stressful environment. The metal resistance genes in the copper resistant X. citri strain likely originated from the Mauritian strain not the local copper-resistant X. euvesicatoria strain. This study highlights the importance of plasmids as ‘vehicles’ for exchanging genetic elements between plant pathogenic bacteria and contributing to bacterial adaptation to the environment.

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“…citri after its detailed genomic investigation [ 23 , 25 , 27 ]. Similarly, the name of the causative agent of cancrosis B and C is usually published as Xanthomonas fuscans pv aurantifolii or Xanthomonas citri pv aurantifolii [ 30 , 31 ]. Here, we are abbreviating the causative agents of canker A, B, and C as Xcc, XauB, and XauC, respectively.…”

Section: Pathogen Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Citrus Canker Pathogen, Its Mechanism of Infection, Eradication, and Impacts

Shahbaz

Akhtar-Ali

Shafiq

et al. 2022

Plants

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Citrus canker is a ravaging bacterial disease threatening citrus crops. Its major types are Asiatic Canker, Cancrosis B, and Cancrosis C, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii pathotype-B (XauB), and pathotype-C (XauC), respectively. The bacterium enters its host through stomata and wounds, from which it invades the intercellular spaces in the apoplast. It produces erumpent corky necrotic lesions often surrounded by a chlorotic halo on the leaves, young stems, and fruits, which causes dark spots, defoliation, reduced photosynthetic rate, rupture of leaf epidermis, dieback, and premature fruit drop in severe cases. Its main pathogenicity determinant gene is pthA, whose variants are present in all citrus canker-causing pathogens. Countries where citrus canker is not endemic adopt different methods to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the region, eradicate the pathogen, and minimize its dissemination, whereas endemic regions require an integrated management program to control the disease. The main aim of the present manuscript is to shed light on the pathogen profile, its mechanism of infection, and fruitful strategies for disease management. Although an adequate method to completely eradicate citrus canker has not been introduced so far, many new methods are under research to abate the disease.

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Analyses of Seven New Genomes of Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii Strains, Causative Agents of Citrus Canker B and C, Show a Reduced Repertoire of Pathogenicity-Related Genes

Cited by 18 publications

References 65 publications

Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus

Diversity and copper resistance of Xanthomonas affecting citrus

Comparative Genomic Analysis Uncovered Evolution of Pathogenicity Factors, Horizontal Gene Transfer Events, and Heavy Metal Resistance Traits in Citrus Canker Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri

Citrus Canker Pathogen, Its Mechanism of Infection, Eradication, and Impacts

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