Analysing knots and ligatures: Tying principles, knot characteristics and structural changes

Chisnall, Robert Charles

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110272

Cited by 8 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Ligature circumference relative to the decedent's neck size, the diameter of the material, and the number of wraps or turns might determine whether or not a neck ligature will ride up or rotate around the neck when loaded. Additionally, certain intrinsic qualities of the ligature material should be considered [95]. The surface friction of the ligature and its working capacity (how flexible the material is) may affect the potential mobility of the neck ligature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was a difficult comparison to make because each case involved different circumstances and the tying actions were not standardized. (Also, Half Knots can sometimes capsize into Half Hitches and vice versa [7–9,95]). Nevertheless, it is much easier to tie using two wends when both hands are available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What follows is a very brief summary of terms and concepts established in the literature that will be utilized here. More extensive discussions of basic forensic knot terminology and principles have been published previously [94,95].…”

Section: A Basic Overview Of Knots and Ligaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinguishing between homicide and suicide knots and ligatures: A comparative analysis of case and survey data

Chisnall

2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Distinguishing between homicides and suicides can be challenging when knots and ligatures are involved. This is particularly true for cases involving decedents who have been bound. If subtle telltales are ignored, foul play may be assumed. In contrast, the discovery of a hanged decedent may lead to a conclusion of suicide. That determination could be premature in the absence of relevant evidence and a thorough analysis of the knots and ligatures. As several authors note, the analysis of equivocal cases must include all collateral evidence, not only the scene evidence but family and decedent history, the overall context, and the death scene circumstances [1-6]. can tying performed by an assailant be distinguished from knots and ligatures tied by decedents on their own bodies? To answer these questions, survey and case data were analyzed and compared to discern any useful differences. These observations were incorporated into a proposed checklist of contrasting characteristics, which will be outlined near the end. 2 | BACKG ROUND AND R ATIONALE In the United Kingdom during the late 1970 s, Underwood investigated an unusual case in which three children were discovered

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinguishing between homicide and suicide knots and ligatures: A comparative analysis of case and survey data

Chisnall

2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Sinuosity, a concept applied across several scientific disciplines (Lazarus and Constantine, 2013;Mason and Martin, 2017), is the length of rope, cord or tape within that knot. It can be measured between the entry and exit boundaries after the knot is untied (Chisnall, 2020). Sinuosity can be expressed as a ratio of the length of the unknotted material relative to the diameter of the knot itself.…”

Section: Literature Review and Analysis General Knot Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concatenation is the quality of a knot's entanglement and how it was tied. It is the interrelationship of the various parts of the completed knot, the knot's nip, the presence of open, closed and crossing loops within the knot proper, the orientation of its wends and stands, and other characteristics (Ashley, 1944;Chisnall, 2006aChisnall, , 2006bChisnall, , 2016bChisnall, , 2020. Hence, crossing number and sinuosity are linked to concatenation.…”

Section: Literature Review and Analysis General Knot Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yan Bends Kisa Bir Inceleme: Uygulama, Mantigi, Kazalar ve Test

Chisnall¹

2020

International Journal of Mountaineering and Climbing

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Tırmanıcılar uzun rotalardan inerken bazen iki ipi birbirine bağlarlar. İpler ancak düğüm noktasından birleştiğinden ve bu kısımda ipin genişliğinin iki katına çıktığından dolayı bir daha ki bağlantıya kadar düz bir ip boyu inmek haliyle önemlidir. Bir tırmanıcı, bir sonraki ipe hazırlanmak için her iki ipi de çekmeye çalıştığında sorunlar ortaya çıkabilir. İki ipi birleştiren düğüm, sürüklenirken kayaya, kaya kenarlarına, çatlaklara veya tabakaların arasına takılabilir (Baillie, TY-Tarih yok;Gommers, 2019;Kemple, 2006). Sıkışmış bir düğüm, takılmaya yol açabilir ve etkili kendi kendini kurtarma stratejileri uygulamadıkları sürece tırmanıcıların inişe devam etmesini engelleyebilir (Fasulo, 1996;Tyson & Loomis, 2006). Bu tür olaylar düzenli olarak gözlemlenmiş ve rapor edilmiştir. Geleneksel olarak iki ipi birleştirmek için kullanılan düğümler, tutarsız olarak tek taraflı, ofset, yan, düz veya dolaylı kıvrımlar olarak adlandırılan bir düğüm sınıfına aittir. Bunlar, şekilleri ve nispeten daha küçük temaslı taban alanları nedeniyle kaya yüzeyleri üzerinde sürüklendiğinde daha az direnç sağlayan düğümlerdir. Çatlaklarda ve tabakalar arkasında sıkışma ihtimalinin daha düşük olduğu ortaya atılmıştır. Öte yandan, ip katlarındaki arızalarla ilişkilendirilen kazalar bu düğümleri tırmanıcılar arasında bir tartışma konusu haline getirdi (

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