“…Therefore, compared to quantitative ratings, open-ended comments are often underanalyzed or ignored completely due to labor required to provide an adequate summary (Alhija and Fresko, 2009;Hujala et al, 2020), raising the need for contemporary methods in automated text analysis. Recent works start to analyze student comments via text mining and machine learning methods such as sentiment analysis (Wen et al, 2014;Azab et al, 2016;Cunningham-Nelson et al, 2018;Baddam et al, 2019;Sengkey et al, 2019;Hew et al, 2020), and identify topics, themes, or suggestions from student comments (Ramesh et al, 2014;Stupans et al, 2016;Gottipati et al, 2018;Unankard and Nadee, 2019;Hynninen et al, 2019). The common goal of these works is to answer some research questions (e.g., what are sentiment differences across courses and students).…”