Analysing Shipping Emissions of Turkish Ports in the Black Sea and Investigating Their Contributions to Black Sea Emissions

Abstract

The Black Sea is the crossroads for many nations and the economic interests of numerous countries. The ports in the Black Sea are the most important economic activity centres where the Black Sea countries carry out their import and export activities. In this paper, shipping emissions generated from ships visiting the 10 Turkish ports located in the Black Sea were estimated and their ratio in shipping emissions in the Black Sea region was evaluated. Total emissions from ships in the studied ports were estimated as 4.949 t y -1 for NOX, 280.498 t y -1 for CO2, 2.059 t y -1 for SO2, 197 t y -1 for VOC, 260 t y -1 for PM for 2018 based on ship activity-based method. General cargo and tanker ships were responsible for 92% of the total ship-borne emissions in the region, and chemicals, bulk carrier, passenger/ro-ro cargo, and other ships such as tugs, barge, multi-purpose ships, yachts, warships follow it. Emissions produced from ships were mainly emitted at cruising mode (84%), followed by hotelling mode (15%). The environmental cost of the port emissions for each pollutant was estimated as $61,5 million and $6.164 per ship call. Black Sea shipping emissions were 2,5% of the total international shipping emissions and shipping emissions from Turkish ports constitute 6-7% of PM, 14% of CO2, 6-14% of SO2, and 11-20% of NOX emissions of Black Sea emissions. The Black Sea region should be declared as an emission control area/sulphur emission control area to reduce shipping emissions. This is the first study to estimate Turkish port emissions in the Black Sea.

Investigating exhaust gas emissions of yachts: Example of Turgutreis D‐Marin

“…Entec UK Limited is a company assigned by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra, UK) to develop a systematic atmospheric emissions inventory on the basis of ship movements in the waters surrounding England. Since Turkey does not have its own emission inventory, Entec's, which is accepted to be used in many studies, was also used in this study 84,90–98 . The last report published by this institution on ship emissions is dated 2010.…”

“…Since Turkey does not have its own emission inventory, Entec's, which is accepted to be used in many studies, was also used in this study. 84,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] The last report published by this institution on ship emissions is dated 2010. For the methodology used in the emission calculation applied in this study, the "UK Ship Emissions Inventory Final Report" published by Entec in 2010 was referenced.…”

Evaluation and Analysis of Sustainable Development Efficiency of Port Cities in China Using the Super-Efficiency SBM-DEA Model

“…An evaluation of PCs' environmental efficiency using the SBM-DEA model was carried out, and the findings demonstrated how much more efficient the PCs of Rotterdam, Singapore, Kaohsiung, Busan, New York, and Antwerp are than Tianjin's [14]. Some scholars have gone a step further and evaluated port emissions to highlight ports' environmental performance [15][16][17]. There is, however, a dearth of studies on how environmental issues affect PCs.…”