Analysing water use efficiency and productivity in Iran's metropolises

Rad, Mahyar Habibi; Sarkheil, Hamid; Khojastehpour, Roshanak

doi:10.1680/jwama.17.00025

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The main factors influencing the attainment of maximum water-use efficiency in crops at the yield level include atmospheric evaporation, water stress during critical growth stages, soil fertility, as well as weed and pest pressures [25][26][27]. These factors similarly impact the variation in wheat water-use efficiency at both the leaf and ecosystem scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking Water-Use Efficiency for Wheat at Leaf and Ecosystem Scales

Zhao,

Liu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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The processes coupled with carbon and water exchange are linked to crop assimilation, water consumption, controlling crop growth and development, and ultimately determining crop yield. Therefore, studying the characteristics of crop water constraints and their controlling factors at multiple scales is of great significance for regional and global food production stability and food security. Employing field observations and a comprehensive literature review, this study investigates the maximum water-use efficiency of wheat and its governing factors at both leaf and canopy (ecosystem) scales. The results demonstrate remarkable consistency and well-defined boundaries in maximum water-use efficiency across diverse climate regions and wheat varieties, both at the leaf and agricultural ecosystem scales. At the leaf scale, the maximum water-use efficiency of wheat was 4.5 μg C mg−1 H2O, while for wheat agricultural ecosystems, on a daily scale, the maximum water-use efficiency was 4.5 g C kg−1 H2O. Meanwhile, the maximum water-use efficiency of wheat agricultural ecosystems decreased continuously with increasing time scales, with values of 6.5, 4.5, 3.5, and 2 g C kg−1 H2O for instantaneous, daily, weekly, and monthly scales, respectively. Environmental factors, primarily vapor pressure deficit, light, and soil water content, exert significant control over leaf-level water-use efficiency. Similarly, the maximum water-use efficiency of agricultural ecosystems fluctuates in response to daily variations in meteorological elements. C3 crops like wheat exhibit remarkable resilience in their carbon–water exchange patterns across diverse environmental conditions. The findings in the current research can serve as a reference for improving crop water-use efficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking Water-Use Efficiency for Wheat at Leaf and Ecosystem Scales

Zhao,

Liu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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“…The goal is to support a 'build back better' agenda. Robotics could be used in a wide range of recovery activities, including remote inspection and maintenance of infrastructure at height, underwater and underground inspection, repair and maintenance of energy infrastructure and construction and demolition process of damaged infrastructure [89,123,124]. Robotics application could also be expanded to the response stages as well; for instance, utilizing robotics in disaster rescue and relief, assist in timely and effective decision-making process [56].…”

Section: Roboticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industry 4.0, Disaster Risk Management and Infrastructure Resilience: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

2021

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The fourth industrial era, known as ‘Industry 4.0’ (I4.0), aided and abetted by the digital revolution, has attracted increasing attention among scholars and practitioners in the last decade. The adoption of I4.0 principles in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) research and associated industry practices is particularly notable, although its origins, impacts and potential are not well understood. In response to this knowledge gap, this paper conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of the application and contribution of I4.0 in DRM. The systematic literature review identified 144 relevant articles and then employed descriptive and content analysis of a focused set of 70 articles published between 2011 and 2021. The results of this review trace the growing trend for adoption of I4.0 tools and techniques in disaster management, and in parallel their influence in resilient infrastructure and digital construction fields. The results are used to identify six dominant clusters of research activity: big data analytics, Internet of Things, prefabrication and modularization, robotics and cyber-physical systems. The research in each cluster is then mapped to the priorities of the Sendai framework for DRR, highlighting the ways it can support this international agenda. Finally, this paper identifies gaps within the literature and discusses possible future research directions for the combination of I4.0 and DRM.

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“…By reducing water consumption, water flows in water treatment plants and irrigation systems diminish (Tang et al, 2013;Jorgensen and Martin, 2015), leading subsequently to reductions in effluent discharges (Hoekstra, 2014). It thus also contributes to environmental and economic benefits (Rad et al, 2019) such as water protection, and reduction in operational costs (See, 2015;Jabari, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite such efforts, the slow progress of the application of WUE principles remains a matter of concern for many developing countries where natural resources are being critically degraded, and the economic growth is slow compared to developed countries (Sánchez et al, 2004;Carrus et al, 2010;Russell and Fielding, 2010;Bruneau et al, 2013;Jorge et al, 2015;Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016;Rad et al, 2019). Often WUE is only associated with technical factors that affect the performance of water utilities, e.g., water leakages in water distribution systems, poor management, and maintenance of irrigation systems (European Environment Agency, EEA, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Use Efficiency: A Review of Contextual and Behavioral Factors

2021

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Water withdrawals around the world have increased almost twice as fast as the population during the last century. Higher than expected water demand is leading to water scarcity and causing rapid depletion of water tables around the world. One reason behind the higher than expected demand is the inefficient use of water. Inefficient use of water affects the well-being of society, the economic stability of countries, and environmental health. Indeed, water use efficiency (WUE) is one of the pillars of sustainable development goals (SDG 6.4.1). However, progress toward achieving WUE is slow, especially for many developing countries where the degradation of natural resources is critical, economic growth is slow, and there are few strong institutions to coordinate actions. One reason behind inefficient water use is human behavior. A variety of contextual and psychological factors underlie the behavior. The contextual factors include socioeconomic, technical, institutional, and environmental factors and the behavioral factors include factors associated with the perception of risk, attitudes, norms, etc. Yet, few studies consider an integrated view of these factors in shaping water use behavior. This paper consolidates contextual and behavioral factors which influence water use, studies the gaps in our understanding of human water behavior underlying WUE and highlights the need to comprehensive assess and consistently measure such factors and their relationships. Based on the gaps identified, it proposes a conceptual model that connects contextual and behavioral factors and represents potential cause-effect relationships as supported by various environmental behavior approaches and psychological theories. Based on the literature review of water use, and conservation behavior, environmental psychology, and water use models, this model proposes an institutional factor to assess the relationship between institutions and stakeholders, and study contextual factors linked not only for individual water users but also studying these factors for individuals of water supply organizations.

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Analysing water use efficiency and productivity in Iran's metropolises

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Benchmarking Water-Use Efficiency for Wheat at Leaf and Ecosystem Scales

Benchmarking Water-Use Efficiency for Wheat at Leaf and Ecosystem Scales

Industry 4.0, Disaster Risk Management and Infrastructure Resilience: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Water Use Efficiency: A Review of Contextual and Behavioral Factors

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