Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can be adopted in hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and pure electric vehicles (HEV, PHEV, and EV), where a bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) is used to connect batteries and ultracapacitors. The efficiency improvement of the BDC is beneficial to increase the efficiency viability of HESS. Due to ZVS, high efficiency can be obtained at heavy load operations while the efficiency is low at light load operations mainly because of the conduction losses of the auxiliary circuits. These losses