Analysis and Design of a Planar Crossover for Dual-Frequency Applications

Krishna, Idury Satya; Barik, Rusan Kumar; Karthikeyan, S. S.

doi:10.1109/indicon.2017.8487810

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A planar dual-band crossover with asymmetrical Π-shaped TLs was developed in [85], [86]. A compact dual-band crossover using symmetrical H-shaped structures is also reported [87]. Inspired by [85], [86], the crossover miniaturization was achieved by reducing the number of inner open stubs in [88].…”

Section: Microwave Crossover (Co)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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Beamforming networks for multiple beam antennas are believed to be in the vanguard of technological developments in mmWave for 5G wireless applications. The basic idea of beamforming technique is the application of multiple antenna elements radiating the same signal at an identical phase and wavelength, into one strong signal pointed to a specific direction. For low cost and power consumption, radio frequency beamforming networks (RF-BFNs) such as Blass matrices, Butler matrices, and Nolen matrices will play a critical role in achieving the ever-increasing demands in wireless technology. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive survey and developments of RF-BFNs with (particular focus in Butler matrices). From the fundamental perspectives of the beamforming techniques and progress over time, component evolution includes branch-line coupler (BLC), Phase shifter (PS), and Crossovers to complete system Butler matrix (BM) integration. Different design techniques to improve bandwidth, size reduction, multi-band, and other performance characteristics are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the paper also discusses different geometry of Butler matrices in open microstrip transmission lines, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and gap waveguide (GWG) technologies highlighting key developments and research challenges from single band to dual-band operations. We expect this paper to provide more profound insights into the designs processes and suggest suitable ways to facilitate further developments of RF-beamforming networks at mmWave and sub-mmWave frequency ranges.INDEX TERMS Beamforming networks (BFNs), Butler matrix (BM), fifth-generation (5G), metamaterial (MTM), millimetre-waves (mmWave), substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), gap waveguide (GWG), ridge gap waveguide (RGW), groove gap waveguide (GGW).

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Section: Microwave Crossover (Co)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Butler Matrix From Components Design Evolution to System Integration for 5G Beamforming Applications: A Survey

et al. 2022

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“…These designs exhibited high return loss in the passband in addition to fabrication problems. To address these issues, branch line structures have been proposed to realize planar crossovers with smaller footprint areas, wideband, and multi-band responses [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compact size, broad bandwidth, and harmonic suppression are the three most typical requirements of modern wireless technology. Accordingly, planar branchline crossovers that are small, enable harmonic suppression and wideband operation, have been designed [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Based on the branch-line layouts, nonstandard planar crossovers have been constructed in [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To support multiple standards in current wireless technology, several configurations have been developed to implement multi-band crossovers [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. In [15], a dualband crossover has been designed by employing right/lefthanded transmission lines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A two-section branch-line configuration with an H-shaped line has been applied to develop a miniature crossover for dual-frequency application [17]. In [18], a planar dual-band crossover with high isolation has been constructed using open-ended coupled lines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of Frequency-Reconfigurable Branch-Line Crossover Using Rectangular Dielectric Channels

2023

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This paper presents an efficient yet straightforward passive reconfiguration technique to tune the operating frequency of a branch-line crossover (BLCO). The underlying principle is to fill rectangular dielectric channels (RDCs) prepared beforehand with either air or materials of different relative permittivity. Two configurations (one RDC and three RDCs in each arm) of the branch-line crossover are employed to estimate the tunability range of the operating frequency. The introduction of RDCs packed with different materials in the branch lines modifies the effective permittivity of the dielectric medium, resulting in an alteration of the operating frequency. The size and the positions of the RDCs are optimized using full-wave electromagnetic simulations to achieve maximum tunability range while ensuring reasonable bandwidth. A lumped circuit model (LCM) is developed to analyze the working principle of the proposed technique. To validate computational models, two prototypes of the branch-line crossover are realized, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated. The first BLCO packed with seven RDCs exhibits a frequency tuning range of 15.8%, whereas the second prototype filled with twenty-one RDCs features a tuning range of 36.9%. Branch-line crossover, reconfigurable, dielectric-loaded. INDEX TERMS

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