Analysis and experimental validation of the figure of merit for piezoelectric energy harvesters

Deutz, Daniella Bayle; Pascoe, John-Alan; Schelen, Ben; Zwaag, Sybrand van der; Leeuw, Dago M. de; Groen, W.A.

doi:10.1039/c8mh00097b

Cited by 65 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Electrical response to a mechanical input of KNLN/PDMS and PZT507, both having a thickness of 1 mm and an area of 50 mm 2 , measured using a specifically designed piezometer system. a) Schematic representation of the piezometer system, [10]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2019, 7, 177 -185 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 To verify the high value of d 33 g 33 , obtained for the aligned KNLN/PDMS fiber composite, we measured the output energy under sinusoidal mechanical excitation in a recently developed piezometer system. [10] The output energy is subsequently compared to that of state-of-the-art ceramic, PZT507, [39] measured under identical conditions.…”

Section: Comparison Of Piezoelectric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here we focus on harvesting mechanical energy, such as vibrations from machines, repetitive body motion or small scale impact. [9,10] This figure of merit, d 33 g 33 , is a measure of the energy density per unit volume that can be harvested. [5,6] Current emphasis is on piezoelectric materials as they can directly convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, leading to harvesters with high energy density at small volume, while they are also easy to integrate into systems due to their design flexibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to compare the performance of piezoelectric materials themselves, the product of the piezoelectric charge coefficient, d 33 , and the piezoelectric voltage coefficient, g 33 , is being used. [9,10] This figure of merit, d 33 g 33 , is a measure of the energy density per unit volume that can be harvested. We note that d 33 g 33 is equal to d 33 2 /ɛ r ɛ 0 , where ɛ 0 is the permittivity of vacuum and ɛ r is the relative dielectric constant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the output energy using this configuration is limited, this is the only reliable way to compare piezoelectric materials. [10]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Composite Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

et al. 2018

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Vibrational piezoelectric energy harvesters are being investigated to replace batteries in embedded sensor systems. The energy density that can be harvested depends on the figure of merit, d33g33, where d33 and g33 are the piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficient. Commonly used piezoelectric materials are based on inorganic ceramics, such as lead zirconium titanate (PZT), as they exhibit high piezoelectric coefficients. However, ceramics are brittle, leading to mechanical failure under large cyclic strains and, furthermore, PZT is classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC). To circumvent these drawbacks, we fabricated quasi 1–3 potassium sodium lithium niobate (KNLN) ceramic fibers in a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The fibers were aligned by dielectrophoresis. We demonstrate for the structured composites values of d33g33 approaching 18 pm3 J−1, comparable to that of state‐of‐the‐art ceramic PZT. This relatively high value is due to the reduced inter‐particle distance in the direction of the electric field. As a confirmation, the stored electrical energy for both material systems was measured under identical mechanical loading conditions. The similar values for KNLN/PDMS and PZT demonstrate that environmentally friendly, lead‐free, mechanically compliant materials can replace state‐of‐the‐art environmentally‐less‐desirable ceramic materials in piezoelectric vibrational energy harvesters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Piezoelectric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the output energy using this configuration is limited, this is the only reliable way to compare piezoelectric materials. [10]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Composite Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

et al. 2018

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Scavenging Energy Sources Using Ferroelectric Materials

Bowen

Yang

2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Ferroelectric materials have attracted interest for over a hundred years as a result of their spontaneous polarization and a polarization orientation that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. In addition, the degree of polarization can be affected by external stimuli such as vibrations, stress, heat, and light. These properties enable ferroelectric materials to be used to fabricate nanogenerators, which are devices used in energy scavenging applications and provide an opportunity to obtain electrical energy from a variety of external stimuli. This review discusses the development of ferroelectric-based nanogenerators for scavenging mechanical, thermal, and solar energies through the piezoelectric effect, pyroelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect, respectively. The mechanisms of the effects and the pathways to optimize the output performance of the nanogenerators are analyzed in detail. Recent developments in energy harvesting using ferroelectric materials are discussed with the objective to motivate attention and efforts in this growing field.

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Ultrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications

Turner

Senevirathne

Kilgour

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Ultrasound‐powered implants (UPIs) represent cutting edge power sources for implantable medical devices (IMDs), as their powering strategy allows for extended functional lifetime, decreased size, increased implant depth, and improved biocompatibility. IMDs are limited by their reliance on batteries. While batteries proved a stable power supply, batteries feature relatively large sizes, limited life spans, and toxic material compositions. Accordingly, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) strategies are attracting increasing attention by researchers as alternative reliable power sources. Piezoelectric energy scavenging has shown promise for low power applications. However, energy scavenging devices need be located near sources of movement, and the power stream may suffer from occasional interruptions. WPT overcomes such challenges by more stable, on‐demand power to IMDs. Among the various forms of WPT, ultrasound powering offers distinct advantages such as low tissue‐mediated attenuation, a higher approved safe dose (720 mW cm−2), and improved efficiency at smaller device sizes. This study presents and discusses the state‐of‐the‐art in UPIs by reviewing piezoelectric materials and harvesting devices including lead‐based inorganic, lead‐free inorganic, and organic polymers. A comparative discussion is also presented of the functional material properties, architecture, and performance metrics, together with an overview of the applications where UPIs are being deployed.

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Analysis and experimental validation of the figure of merit for piezoelectric energy harvesters

Abstract: We demonstrate that the figure of merit for materials in piezoelectric energy harvesters does not depend on the compliance.

Cited by 65 publications

References 60 publications

Flexible Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Composite Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

Flexible Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Composite Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

Scavenging Energy Sources Using Ferroelectric Materials

Ultrasound‐Powered Implants: A Critical Review of Piezoelectric Material Selection and Applications

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