Analysis and Quality Control of WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies 2000–2019: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Malisch, Rainer; Schächtele, Alexander

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_4

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Therefore, the non-parametric linear Theil-Sen trend estimator (Sen 1968;Theil 1992) was used on log-transformed data for derivation of the trends c = A • 10 -s • t , where c denotes the compound concentration, t denotes time, A denotes a concentration coefficient and s denotes the speed of the decrease. R package 'Median-based Linear Models (mblm)' (Komsta 2013) was used for this regression.…”

Section: Methods Of Statistical Data Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 1: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Malisch,

Schächtele,

van Leeuwen

et al. 2023

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk

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Temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in human milk were assessed by consideration only of countries with repeated participation in WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies performed between 1987 and 2019. In contrast to a general estimation of time trends from all participating countries, this is a more precise approach because levels among countries are often highly variable. Studies on time trends for contaminants in human milk are important components of the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). There is no stipulation of a quantitative goal for the rate of reduction/decrease in POPs levels, however, as a quantitative objective for studies, these should have the ability to detect a 50% decrease in the levels of POPs within a 10-year period.For non-dioxin-like PCB (calculated as the sum of six indicator PCB), a decrease of about 50% to 60% over 10 years was achieved in most of the five UN Regional Groups. Considerable decreases in concentrations with reductions of up to 95% over three decades were observed in European countries with high concentrations at the end of the 1980s, compared to slower decreases in less polluted ones. For the toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDD/PCDF and the total TEQ of PCDD/PCDF and dioxin-like PCB, a decrease of about 50% over 10 years was found mainly in Western European and some other countries with initially relatively high concentrations. TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDF decreased by up to 90% over three decades. Lower decreases observed in many countries have to be seen in the context of the quite low levels in these countries in comparison with other countries.

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Section: Methods Of Statistical Data Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 1: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Malisch,

Schächtele,

van Leeuwen

et al. 2023

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk

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Persistent organic pollutants in human milk of Belgian mothers: levels, time trend and exposure assessment for nursing infants

Andjelkovic,

Van Overmeire,

Joly

et al. 2024

J Environ Expo Assess

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Human milk samples (n = 206) collected in 2014 from Belgian primiparous mothers were analyzed for seven groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153). Pooled samples for the analysis of hexachlorobutadiene, heptachlor, chlordecone, dieldrin, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were prepared. DDTs [median: 41 ng/g lipid weight (lw)], HCB (5.5 ng/g lw), and HCHs (2.4 ng/g lw) were the predominant compounds in all samples. Median levels of PBDEs (0.91 ng/g lw) in Belgian human breast milk samples were lower compared to other European countries. The major PBDE congeners were BDE-47 and BDE-153, and total PBDE levels were low (0.30-4.25 ng/g lw). α-HBCD was the only HBCD stereoisomer found in the pooled milk samples (2.5 ng/g lw). All targeted POPs were determined in a national pooled sample but were lower than levels of most POPs [organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), PBDEs, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] observed in 2006. The daily dietary intake of POPs via human milk was estimated for nursing infants of 1 month [intake of 260 mL milk/kg body weight (bw)] and compared with either health-based guidance values (HBGV) or the reference point (margin of exposure, MOE). The exposure assessment in a worst-case scenario revealed no concern for most POPs. However, the infants were exposed to levels of 60 pg total WHO2005-TEQ/kg bw/week, indicating a possible risk during their life. Based on the MOE approach, 95th percentile of concentration can result in a health concern for congeners BDE-99 and BDE-153.

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Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk

Thanou,

Tsiafoulis

2024

Separations

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Although not expected to be used due to restrictions raised on their usage, Persisted Organic Pollutants (POP) such as organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) can be found in several matrices, even nowadays. The lack of biodegradation and, furthermore, their persistence in the environment result in the possible occurrence of these lipophilic toxins in several matrices, from environmental samples and foods to human milk. The current review focuses on the usage of hyphenated techniques for the determination and monitoring of OCPs in several matrices, such as milk—both animal and human milk. The lipid matrix of milk and dairy products favors the possible bioaccumulation of the above pollutants, and the complex matrix of the dairy products is a challenge for method development. Additionally, spectroscopic methods—mainly Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics—for biomonitoring of OCPs persistence, bioaccumulation, and effect of possible exposure, along with NMR usage in several methods developed, are also presented and discussed. Finally, we introduce and present the metabolomic approach for OCPs and other POPs in lipid matrices.

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Analysis and Quality Control of WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies 2000–2019: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 1: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 1: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Persistent organic pollutants in human milk of Belgian mothers: levels, time trend and exposure assessment for nursing infants

Hyphenated Techniques and NMR Methods for Possible Organochlorinated Pesticides Occurrence in Human and Animal Milk

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