Analysis of 2002 and 2003 Warm-Season Precipitation from the North American Monsoon Experiment Event Rain Gauge Network

Estimating Trends and Return Periods of Daily Extreme Precipitation Associated with Tropical Cyclones in the Core North American Monsoon

“…A visual inspection was used to compare values with data from neighboring stations (≤ 25 km), in order to validate the presence of outliers and analyze the information characteristic of the presence of TCs; only the values that were not associated with TCs were rejected. Table 1 shows the precipitation distribution at CNAM weather stations in a downward bias with respect to elevation, which also was identified by [11,16].…”

“…[7][8][9]. Increases in positive anomalies of relative humidity, surface temperature, SST and negative anomalies of radiation are environmental phenomena that can take place in the NAM and can cause the highest precipitations in the CNAM [10][11][12][13], which is common during the summer and influenced by the NAM and events from TCs. Recently, it has been argued that one of the biggest impacts of climate change will result from increased AADEP with return periods that can happen at any time, anywhere on the planet [14].…”

“…The percentage contribution of P95 in coastal stations was insignificant, mainly because the coastal areas are commonly affected by the passage of easterly waves and of TCs in mountain sites [11,31]. For example, in the 1990s mountain sites received less intense precipitation associated with the monsoon; however, in this same area there were heavy precipitation events associated with TCs that resulted in large water contributions to the mountain area in the early 1990s, which was captured in the 10 large existing dams for agricultural activity.…”

“…The effects of hurricanes with increasing precipitation, trends which have been identified in the period 1981-2000, were also reported by [40]: "Hurricanes of major intensity contributed in irrigation districts 063 and 065 with a hydraulic loading of 25 m, which was registered for the first time in 30 years with a recovery of 1.2 m in the 1990s." These five hurricanes were Lidia (September [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]1993, which occurred during a neutral event), Ismael (September 12-15, 1995, during a neutral event), Fausto (September [10][11][12][13][14]1996, during a neutral event), and Isis (September 1-3, 1998, during a La Niña event), and only one cyclone event in the period September 18-30, 1982, which occurred during a strong summer El Niño. These results are similar to those reported by [33,39], who found that there was a strong El Niño event in 1982 and La Niña events in late 1990.…”

Similarity and Error Intercomparison of the GPM and Its Predecessor-TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis Using the Best Available Hourly Gauge Network over the Tibetan Plateau

“…Over the plateau, rain gauges are often installed at low altitudes or sites with residents. It is worth noting that [37] proposed that moisture surge events tend to influence low-elevation stations more than middle or high elevations, and the gauge-based rainfall presented in Figure 9 might ignore such an elevation-specific response.…”