Analysis of 451,891 Canine Uroliths, Feline Uroliths, and Feline Urethral Plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center

Osborne, Carl A.; Lulich, Jody P.; Kruger, John M.; Ulrich, Lisa K.; Koehler, Lori A.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.011

Cited by 163 publications

(238 citation statements)

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“…The weight and age of cats used in the present study were similar to those reported previously (1,3,5,7) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stonesin vivo

Houston¹,

Weese²,

Evason³

et al. 2011

Br J Nutr

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Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) is one of the most common minerals found in feline uroliths. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of acidifying calculolytic diets (inducing urine pH ,6·5), in dissolving struvite stones in cats. Recent work in our laboratory found that wet and dry test diets induce a struvite urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) , 1 and that the urine of healthy cats fed the dry test diet dissolved feline struvite stones in vitro. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy of those test diets on naturally occurring struvite urocystoliths in cats. A total of twenty-one cats were used, of which seventeen completed the study. Of the seventeen cats, eight were fed the wet test diet and nine the dry test diet. Uroliths dissolved in a median of 18 (10-55) d. In the remaining four cats, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically. Quantitative analysis showed that these uroliths contained either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. The present study demonstrates that diets that induce a struvite RSS , 1 result in struvite stone dissolution in vivo.Key words: Feline: Dissolution: Struvite: Relative supersaturationIn cats, the majority of uroliths found in the bladder are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) or calcium oxalate (1 -3) . Surveys on the prevalence of struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths in stone laboratories worldwide indicate that the occurrence of those two stones represents approximately 95 % of submissions. Struvite and calcium oxalate are more or less equally represented, with a slight advantage to one of them depending on the country (1 -8) .The most important risk factors for struvite formation are urinary pH and urine dilution, which will affect the concentrations of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate (4) . Contributing factors to struvite uroliths in cats may include periods of inclement weather in which cats tend to remain indoors for prolonged periods of time, inactivity, and feeding of low moisture, non-acidifying dry cat foods (9) . In a retrospective case -control study, diets with high Mg, P, Ca, Cl and fibre, moderate protein and low fat content were associated with increased risk (10) . Previous studies have shown the efficacy of canned (11,12) and dry (12) urine-acidifying diets in dissolving feline struvite stones. A study in our laboratory has found that the urine of healthy cats fed a dry-extruded diet, formulated to generate a urinary struvite relative supersaturation (RSS) ,1, dissolved feline struvite uroliths in vitro (13) . Therefore, the present study was undertaken to confirm that diets inducing struvite RSS ,1 and effective in dissolving struvite stones in vitro were also effective in dissolving naturally occurring struvite stones in vivo. Materials and methodsCats were recruited from veterinary hospitals across Canada. They entered the study on the basis of clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease including, but not limited to, haematuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, inappropriate ...

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“…The weight and age of cats used in the present study were similar to those reported previously (1,3,5,7) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stonesin vivo

Houston¹,

Weese²,

Evason³

et al. 2011

Br J Nutr

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“…O pH alcalino é fator de risco para precipitação de fosfato de cálcio (Tiselius, 2011) (Osborne et al, 2008b).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase

Cruces

Patelli

Tashima

et al. 2013

Rev. bras. plantas med.

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Norte do Paraná (UENP/Bandeirantes).RESUMO: Plantas medicinais têm sido utilizadas mundialmente para o controle de urolitíases na medicina humana. A ocorrência desta afecção tem aumentado em humanos, ruminantes, cães e gatos. Nos animais, fatores patofisiológicos adquiridos, congênitos ou familiares podem estar envolvidos, havendo similaridade ao que se observa em seres humanos. Porém, apesar dos avanços nas pesquisas, o emprego de plantas medicinais na medicina veterinária, ainda é pouco utilizado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica dos resultados do uso de plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase. As plantas utilizadas são: Ammi visnaga, Bergenia ligulata, Cynodon dactylon, Herniaria hirsuta e Phyllanthus niruri. A atividade antilitogênica foi relacionada às alterações da composição iônica da urina, atividade diurética, inibição de cristalização e agregação de cristais. Destaca-se o uso de Phyllanthus niruri, pela eficácia na prevenção dos urólitos. Extratos de Phyllanthus niruri normalizaram níveis altos de cálcio urinário, desfavorecendo os estágios iniciais de formação dos urólitos. Adicionalmente, foram associados à elevação da filtração glomerular e excreção urinária de ácido úrico sugerindo utilização potencial não só como efeito lítico e preventivo das calculoses, mas também em pacientes hiperuricêmicos e portadores de insuficiência renal. A partir dos resultados relatados, pode-se concluir que os trabalhos apresentados pela literatura atual são capazes de comprovar os efeitos benéficos do uso de plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase. Entretanto, ainda são escassos os estudos realizados em animais domésticos, predominando ensaios desenvolvidos em roedores. Palavras-chave: ervas medicinais, Phyllanthus niruri, urina, urólitos.ABSTRACT: Using medicinal plants in the control of urolithiasis. Medicinal plants have been used worldwide in the prevention of urolithiasis. The occurrence of this disease has increased in men, ruminants, dogs and cats. With regard to animals, acquired (congenital or hereditary) pathophysiological factors may be involved, a fact that bears similarity to what has been observed in humans. Yet, despite advances in research, the use of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine remains still underutilized. Thus, the purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review on the use of medicinal plants in the control of urolithiasis. The plants used are: Ammi visnaga, Bergenia ligulata, Cynodon dactylon, Herniaria hirsute and Phyllanthus niruri. Antilithogenic activity was related to changes in the ionic composition of urine, diuretic activity and inhibition of crystallization and aggregation of crystals. It is worth highlighting the use of Phyllanthus niruri due to its efficiency in the prevention of uroliths. Phyllanthus niruri extracts normalized high levels of urinary calcium, inhibiting the formation of uroliths in the initial stages. Additionally, they were associated with a higher glomerular filtration and higher urinary excretion of uric acid....

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“…Crystalline‐matrix plugs are a common cause of urethral obstruction in male cats 1, 2, 3. Urethral plugs in cats are soft and paste‐like with a classic cylindrical shape.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Urethral plugs in cats are soft and paste‐like with a classic cylindrical shape. They are composed of matrix (mucoprotein, composed of mucus and inflammatory debris) and varying amounts of mineral 1, 2. In greater than 80% of urethral plugs from cats, the mineral content is struvite (aka magnesium ammonium phosphate) 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

Urethral Plugs in Dogs

Stiller

Lulich

Furrow

2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundCrystalline‐matrix urethral plugs have not been previously reported in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo report the composition of urethral plugs in dogs, describe clinical features of the disease, and identify overrepresented breeds.MethodsRetrospective case series. A Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) record search was performed for urethral plugs in dogs submitted during a 6‐year period. The composition of the plugs and signalment of affected dogs were recorded. Breed risk analysis was performed using a control group without plugs from the Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota (VMC UMN). Breed risk was also calculated for a group of dogs with struvite (plugs and uroliths). Medical records for the subset of plug cases from the VMC UMN were reviewed and described.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, 42 urethral plugs from dogs were submitted to the MUC. All came from male dogs, and the mineral component of the majority (83%) was struvite. Thirty (71%) samples were from Pugs. Pugs were overrepresented in plug submissions (OR 179; CI 88–389; P < .001), and for struvite in general (OR 14.3; CI 7.9–24.4; P < .001). Nine of the dogs were treated at VMC UMN; all were castrated male Pugs. None of these cases had bacteriuria or positive urine cultures, and no underlying cause of plug formation was identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhen evaluating dogs with urethral obstruction, plugs need to be considered, especially in male Pugs. Further investigation into the underlying cause of plug formation in dogs is warranted.

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Analysis of 451,891 Canine Uroliths, Feline Uroliths, and Feline Urethral Plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center

Cited by 163 publications

References 12 publications

A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stonesin vivo

A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stonesin vivo

Plantas medicinais no controle de urolitíase

Urethral Plugs in Dogs

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