“…Three cases of computations have been conducted in which two cases are used to test the original NA-FPV. The computations are implemented by using the unstructured LES solver referred to as NuFD-FFR which has been extended by Kyushu University (Watanabe and Kurose, 2020;Yu et al, 2018Yu et al, , 2022, Kyoto University (Muto et al, 2019), and Yu, Yadav, Hu, Kai, Norinaga, Kurose and Watanabe, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, Vol.18, No.2 (2023) CRIEPI (Ahn et al, 2017;Watanabe et al, 2015). The time advancement in the momentum equation is accomplished by the Crank Nicolson method, while for scalars such as mixture fraction, progress variable, and the total enthalpy, the Euler implicit method is used.…”