Analysis of acetylated wood by electron microscopy

Sander, Carsten; Beckers, Epj; Militz, Holger; Veenendaal, W. van

doi:10.1007/s00226-002-0160-6

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similar observations are noted for pine LW ( Figure S1). These observations are consistent with SEM and TEM data reported for acetylated wood (Sander et al 2003). Unlike the acetylated samples, significant changes in microstructural properties were detected for the furfurylated samples (Figure 1c-l for pine and Figure 2 for maple).…”

Section: D Microscopic Structuresupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Chemical modification changes the wood's chemical composition, wetting characteristics, biological durability, and mechanical properties. In short time, the modification changes the mechanisms related to cell wall swelling and the chemical properties of the cell wall matrix (Sander et al 2003). Chemical modification leads to a permanent bulking of the cell wall in contrast to the reversible swelling due to water sorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mapping and visualization of these structural changes increase the understanding of the mechanism of chemical modification and facilitate the optimization of the modification parameters. Sander et al (2003), Kwon et al (2007) and Wålinder et al (2009) studied microstructural changes induced by chemical modification of wood. For instance, acetylation was observed by electron microscopy (EM), and no evidence was found for cell wall damages or significant change in the microstructure (Sander et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sander et al (2003), Kwon et al (2007) and Wålinder et al (2009) studied microstructural changes induced by chemical modification of wood. For instance, acetylation was observed by electron microscopy (EM), and no evidence was found for cell wall damages or significant change in the microstructure (Sander et al 2003). In another scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study (Wålinder et al 2009), it was shown that some micro-structural changes may occur in situ polymerization during furfurylation, like polymer-filled lumen and microcracks in the cell walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure of chemically modified wood using X-ray computed tomography in relation to wetting properties

et al. 2016

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X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was utilized to visualize and quantify the 2D and 3D microstructure of acetylated southern yellow pine (pine) and maple, as well as furfurylated pine samples. The total porosity and the porosity of different cell types, as well as cell wall thickness and maximum opening of tracheid lumens were evaluated. The wetting properties (swelling and capillary uptake) were related to these microstructural characteristics. The data show significant changes in the wood structure for furfurylated pine sapwood samples, including a change in tracheid shape and filling of tracheids by furan polymer. In contrast, no such changes were noted for the acetylated pine samples at the high resolution of 0.8 μm. The XCT images obtained for the furfurylated maple samples demonstrated that all ray cells and some vessel elements were filled with furan polymer while the fibers largely remained unchanged. Furfurylation significantly decreased the total porosity of both the maple and pine samples. Furthermore, this was observed in both earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) regions in the pine samples. In contrast, the total porosity of pine samples was hardly affected by acetylation. These findings are in line with wetting results demonstrating that furfurylation reduces both swelling and capillary uptake in contrast to acetylation which reduces mostly swelling. Furfurylation significantly increased the cell wall thickness of both the maple and pine samples, especially at higher levels of furfurylation.

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Section: D Microscopic Structuresupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure of chemically modified wood using X-ray computed tomography in relation to wetting properties

et al. 2016

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“…Wood acetylation under 120 °C was more favorable than those under the other conditions, due to the better dimensional stability and less visible damage to the wood cell structure. Similar results were also reported in earlier studies (Liu and Xing 1999;Sander et al 2003).…”

Section: Sem Of the Acetylated Woodsupporting

confidence: 81%

Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Plantation Poplar Wood Esterified Using Acetic Anhydride

et al. 2016

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Plantation poplar (Populus ussuriensis) wood was esterified using acetic anhydride without catalysts to improve its dimensional stability. The effects of acetylation temperature (100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C) on the dimensional stability, mechanical properties, microstructure, and functional groups of the resulting acetylated wood were systematically investigated. Results showed that the wood acetylated at 100 °C and 120 °C had an improved dimensional stability and comparable mechanical properties to those of the control wood. Wood acetylated at 140 °C had an improved dimensional stability and decreased mechanical properties as compared to those of the control wood. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis showed that the wood acetylated at 140 °C had obviously different microstructures than the control wood and the wood acetylated at 100 °C and 120 °C. The changes of functional groups in the acetylated wood were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The -OH groups of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin all were shown to participate in the acetylation reaction.

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A Flame‐Retardant, Water Resistant, and Degradable Wood Toward Construction Application

Sun,

Chen,

Chen

et al. 2024

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Wood presents excellent opportunities for sustainable urbanism as a renewable building material. Here, the chemical synthesis of a novel wood composites (3%PFeW) which owns flame‐retardance, water resistance, and degradability is investigated. The 3%PFeW is composed of porous wood framework impregnated with citric acid, 1,8‐octanediol, and the flame retardants (Fe3O4 and 2‐carboxyethyl phenyl hypophosphite (CEPPA)). The 3%PFeW's effective flame retardancy is realized by the introduction of Fe3O4 and CEPPA. Self‐extinguish phenomenon of 3%PFeW happens after being removed from flame. Moreover, 3%PFeW holds an LOI value of 27, reaching V0 flame retardant standard. The 3%PFeW exhibits exceptional water resistance, being proven by its water contact angle (100 °) as well as the low absorbed water content (only 6.5% after soaking 7 days). In addition, the wood composite shows degradable after immersion in NaOH for several days (71.37% degradation content after 7 days), which facilitates the recycling and reutilization of the wood framework after utilization. The modified wood with flame‐retardant, water resistant, and degradable capabilities shown here provides an appealing composite toward building area.

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Analysis of acetylated wood by electron microscopy

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Microstructure of chemically modified wood using X-ray computed tomography in relation to wetting properties

Microstructure of chemically modified wood using X-ray computed tomography in relation to wetting properties

Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Plantation Poplar Wood Esterified Using Acetic Anhydride

A Flame‐Retardant, Water Resistant, and Degradable Wood Toward Construction Application

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