Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

Abstract

In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and it is mainly cultivated using various types of agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, the emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by the European Environment Agency’s Tier 1 method for rice cultivation were analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for about 17% of the total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters emit 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions decreased by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation accounts for 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8%, and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of the total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8448 tons in Korea.

Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions by Tractor Utilization in Korea

“…In 2019, the walking tractor emissions of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do account for 23%, 16%, and 13% of the total emissions. The total emissions of CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, PM 1 CHB: Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 CHN: Chungcheongnam-do, 3 GAW: Gangwon-do, 4 GYB: Gyeongsangbuk-do, 5 GYG: Gyeonggi-do, 6 GYN: Gyeongsangnam-do, 7 JEB: Jeollabuk-do, 8 JEJ: Jeju-do, 9 JEN: Jeollanam-do, 10 TMC: Total of eight metropolitan cities. 1 CHB: Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 CHN: Chungcheongnam-do, 3 GAW: Gangwon-do, 4 GYB: Gyeongsangbuk-do, 5 GYG: Gyeonggi-do, 6 GYN: Gyeongsangnam-do, 7 JEB: Jeollabuk-do, 8 JEJ: Jeju-do, 9 JEN: Jeollanam-do, 10 TMC: Total of eight metropolitan cities.…”

“…Compared to a decade ago, Korean farmers are now using bigger and more powerful tractors [3]. The mechanization rate of rice farming is more than 99%, and that of the other major agricultural works in open field farming is about 62% on average in 2019 [4].…”

“…CHB: Chungcheongbuk-do, 2 CHN: Chungcheongnam-do,3 GAW: Gangwon-do,4 GYB: Gyeongsangbuk-do,5 GYG: Gyeonggi-do,6 GYN: Gyeongsangnam-do,7 JEB: Jeollabuk-do, 8 JEJ: Jeju-do,9 JEN: Jeollanam-do, 10 TMC: Total of eight metropolitan cities.…”